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In Vitro and In Vivo Interactions of Nonpathogenic Bacteria With Immunocompetent Cells
Time of Update: 2021-02-16
Specific components of the intestinal microflora, includingLactobacilli andBifidobacteria , have been associated with beneficial effects on the host, such as promotion of gut maturation and integrity, antagonisms against pathogens, and immune modulation.
To date, the contribution of the intestinal epithelial cell in the first-line defense against pathogenic bacteria and microbial antigens has been recognized.
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Detection of Human Caliciviruses and Astroviruses in Stools by RT-PCR
Time of Update: 2021-02-16
Human caliciviruses (HuCVs) and astroviruses are single-stranded RNA viruses that cause acute gastroenteritis in humans.
Astroviruses include at least seven antigenic types ( 4 ).
In both families, differences in antigenic types appear to correspond to differences in genetic groups.
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Isolation of Human Tonsillar Dendritic Cells
Time of Update: 2021-02-16
Tonsillectomy remains a frequently performed operation in developed countries ensuring that tonsils are the most readily available source of human lymphoid tissue and an easily accessible source of dendritic cells (DC).
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Purification and Characterization of MHC Class II Containing Organelles in Mouse Bone-Marrow-Derived Dendritic Cells
Time of Update: 2021-02-16
However, data from cell-fractionation studies, predominantly those using electrophoresis techniques, show that in professional APC, a class of class II-containing endosomes that is specialized for antigen processing may exist.
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Mitochondrial Respiratory Complex Function and the Phenotypic Consequences of Dysfunction
Time of Update: 2021-02-16
The complexities of mammalian developmental biology have obscured the phenotype-genotype relationships in mitochondrial disease and this has inhibited understanding of the underlying cytopathological mechanisms.
By contrast, theDictyostelium model has revealed a characteristic constellation of downstream phenotypic outcomes that, e.g., point to/show common underlying cytopathological mechanisms in mitochondrial disease.
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Growing Overnight Cultures
Time of Update: 2021-02-16
1. Place 2 mL of the appropriate sterile medium in a 13 mm yellow-capped culture tube.
5. Always inoculate a dummy tube with no cells to verify that the medium, tubes, and sticks were sterile.
Dilute culture 1:10 in sterile medium and grow for 3 hours.
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Isolation of Mouse Thymic Dendritic Cells
Time of Update: 2021-02-16
The method described in this chapter for the isolation of mouse thymic dendritic cells (DC) is an optimization of our previously published methods (1 ,2 ) and involves the following major steps: 1.
4. Positive selection of DCs by magnetic cell sorting (MACS).
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Rotavirus Entry into Tissue Culture Cells
Time of Update: 2021-02-16
Proteolytic cleavage of VP4 into two noncovalently associated subunits, VP8* and VP5* ( 2 , 9 , 10 ), significantly enhances viral infectivity ( 11 – 13 ).
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Helicobacter pylori and Food Products: A Public Health Problem
Time of Update: 2021-02-16
Helicobacter pylori is a major human pathogen causing gastritis and chronic superficial infection (CSG).
In South America the consumption of raw vegetables fertilized with human feces has been found to be a risk factor for infection, and consumption of water from a municipal supply has been suggested as a risk factor for children ( 8 ).
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Origins and Development of Peptide Antibiotic Research: From Extracts to Abstracts to Contracts
Time of Update: 2021-02-16
Peptide antibiotic research, which in the larger sense includes protein antibiotic research, actually began during the late 19th century with the work of Ehrlich, Metchnikov, Kanthack, and Petterson.
He noted that the granules of approx 2 or 3% of the cells stained intensely with eosin, an acid dye.
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Electroporation of Francisella tularensis
Time of Update: 2021-02-16
In North America, tularemia presents as an acute febrile lymphadenitis that can progress into a life-threatening pneumonic illness ( 1 ).
In Europe and Asia, tularemia is often acquired from consumption of contaminated water or inhalation of contaminated dust.
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Rapid Identification of Mycobacteria and Rapid Detection of Drug Resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Cultured Isolates and in Respiratory Specimens
Time of Update: 2021-02-16
In this chapter, several simple nucleic acid amplification-based techniques are introduced as molecular approach for clinical diagnosis of tuberculosis.
Despite the high specificity and sensitivity of the molecular techniques, mycobacterial culture remains the “Gold Standard” for tuberculosis diagnosis.
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Current energy
Time of Update: 2021-02-16
The so-called current mainly refers to the more stable flow of seafloor water and the channel and the regular flow of sea water due to tides.
Generally speaking, the current energy of a water channel with a maximum flow rate of 2m/s or more has the value of actual development.
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Detection of SV40 DNA Sequences in Human Tissue
Time of Update: 2021-02-16
Several recent investigations using polymerase chain reaction ( PCR ) detection methods have identified SV40-likeDNA sequences in human neoplasms, particularly choroid plexus tumors ( 1 ), ependymomas ( 1 ), mesotheliomas ( 2 ), and osteosarcomas ( 3 , 4 ).
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Functional Mapping of Expression Quantitative Trait Loci that Regulate Oscillatory Gene Expression
Time of Update: 2021-02-16
The model will provide a powerful statistical tool for mapping eQTLs and their epistatic interactions that regulate oscillations in gene expression, helping to construct a regulatory genetic network for those periodic biological phenomena.
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Isolation of Dictyostelium Nuclei for Light and Electron Microscopy
Time of Update: 2021-02-16
The availability of a protocol for isolation of nuclei in a quality sufficient for high-resolution light and electron microscopy is a prerequisite for such studies.
Here we present a protocol for high enrichment of nuclei by sucrose density-gradient centrifugation.
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Microbiological Analysis of Cosmetics
Time of Update: 2021-02-16
Cosmetics are products of chemical or natural origin dedicated specifically for use in skin and mucosa ( 1 ). The constant development of the cosmetic industry has generated the necessity to carry ou
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An In Vitro Transcription System for Studying Vaccinia Virus Early Genes
Time of Update: 2021-02-16
Methods are described here for the extraction of purified vaccinia virions to yield protein mixtures with high transcriptional activity on viral early gene templates, responding specifically to both transcriptional initiation and termination signals in theDNA .
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The Analysis of Innate Immune Response to Adenovirus Using Antibody Arrays
Time of Update: 2021-02-16
In animal models, intravenous Ad administration has been shown to induce transcription and release in the serum of a great number of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines.
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Molecular Analysis of Fungal Gene Expression upon Interkingdom Competition with Insects
Time of Update: 2021-02-16
However, the benefits of secondary metabolites for fungi are often obscure.
Here we describe a method that will aid in the analysis of fungal gene expression upon interkingdom competition with insects.
