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Robotic Analyzers
Time of Update: 2021-02-16
In general, three assay types are commonly used in diagnostic virology. Since these are described in other chapters it suffices here just to reiterate the methodology names: 1. Agglutination (comp
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Flavonoids From Argentine Tagetes (Asteraceae) With Antimicrobial Activity
Time of Update: 2021-02-16
Over 4000 structures have been identified in plant sources, and they are categorized into several groups (Fig. 1 ).
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Analysis of Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins
Time of Update: 2021-02-16
The cell envelope of Gram-negative bacteria comprises an inner and an outer membrane separated by a layer of peptidoglycan (Fig. 1 ).
In contrast, the outer membrane forms a physical barrier between the inside of the bacterial cell and the external environment, and contains elements involved in the binding and transmembrane transportation of components required for bacterial biochemistry.
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Coccus
Time of Update: 2021-02-16
(ii) streptoccus: split on a plane and arranged in chains, such as hemolytic streptoccus.
(v) Staphylococcus: When split on several irregular planes, the bacteria accumulate in a staphylococcus-like arrangement, such as Staphylococcus aphdobacteria.
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Microbiological Analysis of Cosmetics
Time of Update: 2021-02-16
Cosmetics are products of chemical or natural origin dedicated specifically for use in skin and mucosa ( 1 ). The constant development of the cosmetic industry has generated the necessity to carry ou
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Whole Genome Analysis Using Microarrays
Time of Update: 2021-02-15
The development of microarray technology has allowed the genomes of mycobacteria to be directly compared to identifyDNA regions that differ between strains due to deletion, insertion, or sequence divergence.
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Generation of Bispecific and Tandem Diabodies
Time of Update: 2021-02-15
An emerging branch of research has sought to generate bivalent recombinant antibodies by manipulating the length of the linker separating heavy- and light-chain variable domains in single-chain Fv proteins, thereby promoting inter-scFv interaction and the formation of “diabodies.” With careful control, this can generate scFv-based proteins able to bind two very distinct targets, “bispecific diabodies.” Further manipulation enables the assembly of higher-order complexes.
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Recovery of Mycoplasmas from Animals
Time of Update: 2021-02-15
mycoides small colony (SC),Mycoplasma capricolum subsp.
m. mycoides large colony (LC), which cause economically important diseases, such as contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP), contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP), and contagious agalactia.
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Molecular Approaches to the Identification of Streptococci
Time of Update: 2021-02-15
The ability to identify rapidly organisms to the species, and at times subspecies level, is an important step in the treatment of bacterial infections and for monitoring the spread of microorganisms.
Biochemical classification also lacks the ability to type species to the level of a particular clonal population or strain.
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Sequence Finishing
Time of Update: 2021-02-15
Sequence “finishing” is the process of turning a rough draft assembly composed of shotgun sequencing reads into a highly accurate finishedDNA sequence with a defined maximum allowed error rate. The
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Ⅸ.. Effects of environmental factors on microorganisms
Time of Update: 2021-02-15
Ⅸ.. Impact of environmental factors on microbials The life activities of microorganisms require certain external environmental conditions, when the external environmental conditions are appropriate
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PCR and Partial Sequencing of Bacteriophage Genomes
Time of Update: 2021-02-15
PCR is a quick and effective way of identifying the presence and ‘affiliation’ of bacteriophages, or phage-encoded genes from environmental samples, bacterial cells or purified viruses.
The limitations are that you have to know what you are looking for in order to find it.
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Analysis of Exopolysaccharides in Myxococcus xanthus Using Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy
Time of Update: 2021-02-15
Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) is a useful research tool to explore the exopolysaccharides (EPS) in bacterial biofilms.
Here, we describe the analysis of different biofilms ofMyxococcus xanthus formed in a modified chamber slide system with CLSM.
xanthus biofilms can be visualized and analyzed in situ.
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Short-Term Culture of CD8 Cells and Intracellular Cytokine Staining
Time of Update: 2021-02-15
In this chapter, we provide protocols for the generation of polarized populations of CD8 T effector cells using polyclonal stimulation and for their subsequent analysis by intracellular cytokine staining.
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Detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 by Immunomagnetic Separation and Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction
Time of Update: 2021-02-15
Since 1983, when Escherichia coli O157:H7 was first recognised as a cause of hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), verotoxin-producing strains ofE.
In England and Wales, 90 % of VTEC cases are sporadic ( 5 ).
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Arbitrarily Primed PCR Methods for Studying Bacterial Diseases
Time of Update: 2021-02-15
The most common application of the polymerase chain reaction ( PCR ) IS to exponenttally amplify a specific known and predictable sequence from a complex mixture of nucleic acids.
This robust and reproducible technique can amplify discrete sets ofDNA fragments.
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Analysis of Fungicides in Fruits and Vegetables by Capillary Electrophoresis-Mass Spectrometry
Time of Update: 2021-02-15
A method based on solid-phase extraction (SPE) and capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry (CE-MS) for determining fungicides in fruits and vegetables is described.
The target compounds are isolated by solid-phase extraction (SPE) on C8, eluted with dichloromethane, evaporated to dryness, and reconstituted in buffer.
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Cell Survival and Apoptosis Assays for E1B 19K and Bcl-2 Family Members
Time of Update: 2021-02-15
Apoptosis is regulated by a number of genes that promote or suppress cell death.
Here, we describe highly reproducible, simple methods that we have developed to assay the activities of adenovirus E1B 19 kDa, Bcl-2, and various pro-apoptotic interacting partners.
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Bioluminescent Imaging of Bacterial Biofilm Infections In Vivo
Time of Update: 2021-02-15
The principles of this technique are that bacterial pathogens engineered to express bioluminescence (visible light) can be readily monitored from outside of the living animal using specialized low-light imaging equipment, enabling their movement, expansion and treatment to be seen completely non-invasively.
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BAC Library Construction
Time of Update: 2021-02-15
The YAC cloning system has a great advantage of cloning of very large (>500 kb) DNA, thus facilitating construction of a physical map of the complex genome.
