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Helicobacter pylori
is a major human pathogen causing gastritis and chronic superficial infection (CSG). It colonizes the stomach of more than 50% of humans and causes disease (
1
). This microorganism is associated with the gastric antral epithelium in patients with active chronic gastritis, peptic (gastric) or duodenal ulcers, and gastric adenocarcinoma (
2
–
4
)
H. pylori
is present in feces, sewage, and water (
5
) but is killed by routine chlorination. Therefore, in developing countries (
6
), consumption of sewage-contaminated drinking water and vegetables may pose a risk (
7
); properly cooking foods and chlorinating water reduces the risk of transmitting
H. pylori
to humans (
seeNote 1
). In South America the consumption of raw vegetables fertilized with human feces has been found to be a risk factor for infection, and consumption of water from a municipal supply has been suggested as a risk factor for children (
8
).
