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Measurement of Interleukins by ELISPOT Assay with Particular Application to Dual-Color Analysis (Stardust Assay)
Time of Update: 2021-02-24
However, this approach provides only cumulative amounts in a fixed time, thus limiting the sensitivity of the technique, particularly when relatively few cells are producing lymphokines of interest.
In addition, this strategy does not permit an estimation of the frequency of corresponding secreting cells.
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Field Study Methods for the Determination of Bystander Exposure to Pesticides
Time of Update: 2021-02-24
Techniques to estimate bystander exposure are described.
Passive sample media such as filter paper are used to collect spray drift.
Air-sampling devices are used to determine the airborne concentration of pesticides.
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Identification of Microorganisms Using Random Primed PCR
Time of Update: 2021-02-24
The first method depends on a knowledge ofDNA sequence unique to the organism under study and provides a specific means of identifying that organism.
The second method has an absolute requirement for a pure culture of the target organism but requires no knowledge whatsoever of the DNA sequence of that organism.
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Selection of Hybrids by Differential Staining and Micromanipulation
Time of Update: 2021-02-24
In addition, genetic markers introduced into parent strains for convenience in the selection of mutants may cause practical problems; a new gene once introduced may produce unnecessary metabolites and thereby disrupt the metabolism of the cell, use energy that could be used for growth, or consume a substance that would otherwise be a source of the desired product ( 1 ).
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Proteomic Analysis to Investigate Regulatory Networks in Staphylococcus aureus
Time of Update: 2021-02-24
aureus , we analyze the cytoplasmic and extracellular proteome by using two-dimensional (2D) gel analyses combined with matrix-assisted laser ionization–time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI–TOF MS).
Gel-based proteomics is an extremely valuable tool in microbial physiology that can, in combination with various visualization and quantitation software packages, very rapidly provide comparative and quantitative data for multi-sample comparison.
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Essential Role of Genetics in the Advancement of Biotechnology
Time of Update: 2021-02-24
In recent years, emerging recombinantDNA and genomic techniques have facilitated the development of new efficient expression systems, modification of biosynthetic pathways leading to new metabolites by metabolic engineering, and enhancement of catalytic properties of enzymes by directed evolution.
Functional genomics and proteomics are major tools used in the search for new molecules and development of higher-producing strains.
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Development of Bacterial Species-Specific DNA Probes Based on Ribosomal RNA Genes Using PCR
Time of Update: 2021-02-24
Various strategies have been used to develop DNA probes for specific bacteria that include the use of genes for antigenic determinants and virulence factors, randomly cloned DNA fragments, high copy number sequences including insertion elements, and ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes ( 1 – 7 ).
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Characterization of Carotenogenesis Genes in the Cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. PCC 7120
Time of Update: 2021-02-24
PCC 7120), we have produced gene-disruption mutants lacking selected proposed carotenoid biosynthetic enzymes.
Double-reciprocal recombination replaces the target genes inAnabaena genome with mutated ones on the plasmid.
Carotenoids in the selected double recombinants are identified using high-performance liquid chromatography.
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Immunoprecipitation of E1 A-Containing Protein Complexes
Time of Update: 2021-02-24
Important insights into cell growth and transcriptional regulation have been realized by correlating adenovirus ElA-induced cell-growth-control mechanisms with ElA’s specific interactions with host-cell proteins ( see ref.
A key method for directly demonstrating these ElA-host cell protein interactions is by immunoprecipitation.
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Animal Models for Mitochondrial Disease
Time of Update: 2021-02-24
Although a variety of degenerative diseases are now known to be caused by two mutations in mitochondrial genes, the pathophysiology of these diseases remains poorly understood.
As a consequence, relatively little progress has been made in developing new therapies for mitochondrial diseases.
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Linking Quorum Sensing Regulation and Biofilm Formation by Candida albicans
Time of Update: 2021-02-24
C. albicans biofilms often lead to life-threatening systemic infections and are particularly difficult to eradicate because of their high levels of resistance to antibiotics.
albicans biofilm cells, perhaps rendering biofilms more sensitive to antibiotics.
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Can intestinal bacteria regulate our blood cholesterol levels?
Time of Update: 2021-02-23
, the presence of gut bacteria is critical to the stability of cholesterol throughout the body, strongly regulating blood cholesterol levels, liver cholesterol synthesis, and intestinal liver circulation.
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Recombinant Protein Production in Large-Scale Agitated Bioreactors Using the Baculovirus Expression Vector System
Time of Update: 2021-02-23
Detailed methods of the key stages of a batch process, including host cell growth, virus stock amplification and quantification, bioreactor preparation and operation, the infection process, final harvesting, and primary separation steps for recovery of the product are presented.
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Spring Festival dietary precautions
Time of Update: 2021-02-23
Suitable timely and appropriate meals to avoid overeating During the Spring Festival, many people often play late into the night or even overnight, the diet law is completely disrupted, coupled with food rich, emotional excitement, it is easy to overeat, or even overeating, thereby harming health.
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A healthy diet after the festival relieves gastrointestinal discomfort
Time of Update: 2021-02-23
Coupled with the Spring Festival diet pay attention to rich, big fish meat is inevitable, so the stomach after a few days of overload operation is easy to produce problems.
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Standards, Tools, and Databases for the Analysis of Yeast Omics Data
Time of Update: 2021-02-22
Biological data and software tools for the design, analysis, and simulation of models are two basic ingredients for the new field of systems biology.
We also provide a review of the most popular software tools currently used in computational systems biology studies.
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Modelling the Onset of Virulence in Pathogenic Bacteria
Time of Update: 2021-02-22
Bacterial virulence is a multifactorial process.
In this chapter, we review some known mechanisms used by bacteria to trigger their production of virulence factors.
We conclude that in most cases a “successful” infection would require that the onset of virulence follows an irreversible switch behaviour.
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Transient and Inducible Expression of Vaccinia/T7 Recombinant Viruses
Time of Update: 2021-02-22
Transient expression can then be achieved either by transfecting this plasmid into cells infected with the recombinant vaccinia virus expressing T7 RNA polymerase, vTF7-3 or by crossing this plasmid into the vaccinia virus genome and coinfecting cells with both viruses.
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Insertion Element IS6110-Based Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism Genotyping of Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Time of Update: 2021-02-22
DNA fingerprinting techniques are based on genome variation and form the basis of molecular epidemiology studies of tuberculosis.
A number of markers are in use for the molecular differentiation ofMycobacterium tuberculosis isolates by DNA fingerprinting.
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Lipoglycans of Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Isolation, Purification, and Characterization
Time of Update: 2021-02-22
In this chapter, we describe in detail the steps involved in isolation and characterization of lipoglycans fromMycobacterium tuberculosis andMycobacterium smegmatis. In addition, procedures involve
