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Ultrastructural Analysis of BacteriaHost Cell Interactions
Time of Update: 2021-02-21
Applications for electron microscopy in bacterial pathogenesis range from discovering etiologic agents and following chronological events during infections by conventional examination of clinical samples to assessing molecular host–cell responses to infection and in situ interactions between receptors and ligands using specific immune-labeling techniques.
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Identification and Isolation of Synovial Dendritic Cells
Time of Update: 2021-02-21
The methods given are based on cell sorting for isolation of cells, and flow cytometry and immunohistochemical staining for analysis of cells.
By flow cytometry, DC can then be analyzed or sorted based on two- or three-color immunofluorescence.
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Mouse Models of Helicobacter-Induced Gastric Cancer: Use of Cocarcinogens
Time of Update: 2021-02-21
Furthermore, consistent with the known influence of host and environmental factors in human gastric cancer, it is possible to manipulate the type and severity of gastric lesions in mouseHelicobacter infection models through the use of different mouse genetic backgrounds and/or by the administration of known cocarcinogens, such as alkylating agents (e.g.,N -nitroso- N -methylurea), or even elevated quantities of dietary salt.
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Gene Replacement in Mycobacterium smegmatis Using a Dominant Negative Selectable Marker
Time of Update: 2021-02-21
At least 25 gene products (RecA, helicases, nucleases, ligases, single-strand binding protein, etc.) are involved in the process of homologous recombination.
Homologous recombination can occur at any site in the chromosome between homologous, but not necessarily identical,DNA duplexes.
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Analysis of Cytomegalovirus Ligands, Receptors, and the Entry Pathway
Time of Update: 2021-02-21
Entry of enveloped viruses into mammalian cells requires that the virus attach to the host cell surface through an interaction between an envelope component and a cellular molecule that serves as a receptor.
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Standard Protocols for the Construction of Fab Libraries
Time of Update: 2021-02-21
The isolation of Fabs from combinatorial libraries is thus valuable in contributing to the understanding of Ab-Ag interactions, as well as the nature of the in vivo immune response.
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Detection of Cytokines in Tears
Time of Update: 2021-02-21
During these changes the protein and lipid components of the tear film have been shown to alter dramatically.
On the other hand, secretory IgA, the predominant immunoglobulin in tears, is a constitutively secreted protein, i.e., its concentration alters during changes in lacrimation ( 1 ).
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Oligonucleotide Microarrays for Bacteriophage Expression Studies
Time of Update: 2021-02-21
This chapter aims to provide an overview of how to design and implement a microarray experiment to investigate phage biology.
In this chapter, we outline the basic theory behind microarrays and provide details on how to implement a microarray experiment from the design of oligonucleotide probes through to the hybridisation of microarrays.
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Nutritional Status of Grape Juice
Time of Update: 2021-02-21
Individually or collectively, these factors may impact both yeast growth and the conversion rate of sugar to alcohol, leading not only to the formation of objectionable odor- and flavor-active metabolites but, potentially, protracted, incomplete, or “stuck” fermentations as well.
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Propagation of Wild-Type and Mutant SV40
Time of Update: 2021-02-21
Simian virus 40 (SV40) is routinely propagated in established kidney cell lines derived from the African green monkey ( 1 ).
Generally, one of two cell lines, BSC-1 or CV1, are used for this purpose ( 2 , 3 ).
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Identification of Immunoreactive Viral Proteins
Time of Update: 2021-02-21
Finally, the specificity of serological assays can also be reduced by contaminating proteins from host cells.
However, the low concentration of most viral proteins in cell culture-derived antigen preparations reduces the practicability of this approach.
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Analysis of Interleukin-2 Signaling Using Affinity Precipitations and Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis
Time of Update: 2021-02-21
It is responsible for the growth of T cells and thus plays an important role in the proper functioning of the immune system.
The γ- chain is shared with a number of other cytokines such as IL-3 and IL-7, which also play a role in cell growth ( 2 ).
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The Halogen Assay — A New Technique for Measuring Airborne Allergen
Time of Update: 2021-02-21
The Halogen assay allows direct observation of the particles that carry the allergen as well as being capable of identifying all the allergen sources an individual is exposed and sensitized to.
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Immunofluorescence of Parasites
Time of Update: 2021-02-21
Immunofluorescence, as the name suggests, involves the visualization of proteins and structures within cells using antibodies as fluorescent probes.
Vast numbers of cells can be processed and observed in a single experiment; 2.
Immunofluorescence facilitates the observation of individual cells and differences among them; and3.
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Microbial Proteomics Using Mass Spectrometry
Time of Update: 2021-02-21
Proteomic analyses involve a series of intricate, interdependent steps involving approaches and technical issues that must be fully coordinated to obtain the optimal amount of required information about the test subject.
This fortunate occurrence creates an essential core of proteomic approaches and techniques that are consistently available for most studies, regardless of test subject.
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Methods for In Vivo and In Vitro Analysis of Innate Immune Responses to Helicobacter pylori Infection
Time of Update: 2021-02-20
pylori induces a chronic innate immune response that is thought to contribute to gastric complications.
pylori , it is important to study the innate immune responses that result from the infection.
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Isolation of agr Quorum Sensing Autoinducers
Time of Update: 2021-02-20
Autoregulation of genes is often associated with quorum sensing systems where bacteria produce and secrete molecules that allow the cells to communicate with one another, leading to the activation of
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Isolation, Growth, and Purification of Defective Adenovirus Deletion Mutants
Time of Update: 2021-02-20
Adenovirus mutants that lack essential genes must be grown by complementation, the products of the missing genes supplied by a source other than the viral genome.
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Propagation and Assay of BK Virus
Time of Update: 2021-02-20
BK virus (BKV), one of two human polyomaviruses, was first isolated in cell culture from the urine of an immunocompromised renal transplant patient in England in 1971 ( 1 ).
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Mushrooms
Time of Update: 2021-02-20
fresh mushroom dehydrated into dried mushrooms, easy to transport and preserve, is an important north-south goods.
When cooking, the dried mushrooms should be made with water first.
, mushrooms tend to appear as a fresh.
