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The Use of Genomics and Metabolomics Methods to Quantify Fungal Endosymbionts and Alkaloids in Grasses
Time of Update: 2020-11-12
The presence of endosymbionts can alter metabolic profiles of plant tissues by introducing non-plant metabolites such as fungal specific alkaloids, and by metabolic interactions between the two organisms.
Here, we describe methods that allow the quantification of the ryegrassNeotyphodium lolii fungal endosymbiont and major alkaloids in its host plantLolium perenne .
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Scanning Electron Microscopy Analysis of Floral Development
Time of Update: 2020-11-12
Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) allows the morphological characterization of the surface features of floral and inflorescence structures in a manner that retains the topography or three-dimensional appearance of the structure.
Even at relatively low magnification levels it is possible to characterize early developmental stages.
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Comparing Fungal Genomes: Insight into Functional and Evolutionary Processes
Time of Update: 2020-11-12
Large amount of genome data are being generated by second- and now also third-generation sequencing technologies.
We present an overview of approaches and methods to compare complete sequences of related fungal genomes.
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Efficient Modification of Floral Traits by Heavy-Ion Beam Irradiation on Transgenic Torenia
Time of Update: 2020-11-12
While heavy-ion beam irradiation is becoming popular technology for mutation breeding in Japan, the combination with genetic manipulation makes it more convenient to create greater variation in plant phenotypes.
Mutant phenotypes were observed mainly in flowers and showed wide variation in colour and shape.
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North American Sequoia
Time of Update: 2020-11-12
Form: species is the tallest of the trees, up to 110m and chest diameter up to 8m .
Evergreen giant trees, bark thick 15-25cm , awning, branches flattened, canopy cones also.
For landscape trees.
It is also a world-famous tree species.
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Determination of Auxin Transport Parameters on the Cellular Level
Time of Update: 2020-11-12
Here, we describe the method for the determination of the activities of auxin influx and efflux carriers in plant cells grown in a suspension using radiolabelled synthetic auxins 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and naphthalene-1-acetic acid (NAA).
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Floral Dip: Agrobacterium-Mediated Germ Line Transformation
Time of Update: 2020-11-12
Many researchers use the flowering plantArabidopsis thaliana to study gene function and basic plant biology.
Another very useful feature ofArabidopsis is that it is extremely simple to transform genetically.
The ability to insert genes of interest stably into a given plant is essential to understand and verify gene function.
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Studying NB-LRR Immune Receptor Localization by Agroinfiltration Transient Expression
Time of Update: 2020-11-12
The site in the cell where these activities take place can be different for different NB-LRRs. Furthermore, recognition and defense activation can occur in distinct subcellular compartments.
Agroinfiltration in theNicotiana benthamiana model plant system is a convenient way of expressing proteins for localization studies.
benthamiana to transiently express NB-LRRs for confocal fluorescence microscopy.
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Growth Protocols for Model Plants in Developmental Biology
Time of Update: 2020-11-12
Arabidopsis is the dominating model species for plant developmental biology, but other species serve as models for processes that cannot be studied inArabidopsis , such as compound leaf or wood formation, or to test the universality of developmental mechanisms initially identified inArabidopsis .
Research in plant developmental biology depends critically on robust growth protocols that will support reproducible development.
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Meristem-Tip Culture for Propagation and Virus Elimination
Time of Update: 2020-11-12
The essence of meristem-tip culture is the excision of the organized apex of the shoot from a selected donor plant for subsequent in vitro culture.
Shoot development directly from the meristem avoids callus tissue formation and adventitious organogenesis, ensuring that genetic instability and somaclonal variation are minimized.
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Water chestnut.
Time of Update: 2020-11-12
The short stems of the self-parent plant are drawn around the stems, and the tip is puffed into new bulbs.
species at 15 degrees C germination, 25 degrees C began to split, 30 degrees C plants grow vigorously, the temperature dropped below 20 degrees C when the bulb formation.
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Quantifying 13C-labeling in Free Sugars and Starch by GC-MS
Time of Update: 2020-11-12
We describe an approach to extract13 C-labeled sugars (glucose, fructose, maltose, sucrose,myo -inositol as well as glucose from starch) from plant tissues and to analyze their isotopomer distribution by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS).
The method is illustrated by sugar isotopomer analysis of13 C-labeled rapeseed embryos.
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Laser Capture Microdissection of Nematode Feeding Cells
Time of Update: 2020-11-11
Feeding cell formation involves complex physiological and morphological changes to normal root cells and is accompanied by dramatic changes in plant gene expression.
Feeding cells comprise a small fraction of the total root cell population, and identification of plant gene expression changes specific to these cells is difficult.
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Canola (Brassica napus L.)
Time of Update: 2020-11-11
High-frequencyAgrobacterium tumefaciens -mediated transformation can be obtained in canola by optimizing the preconditioning time of the explant and cocultivation timewith A.
tumefaciens .
A preconditioning time of 72 h and cocultivation of 48 h synergistically increase the transformation efficiency to 25%.
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Transcriptome Analysis of Membrane Transporters in Response to Salinity Stress
Time of Update: 2020-11-11
This chapter describes a protocol using oligo-microarrays to compare salinity treated (50 mM NaCl) and non-treated rice roots, presenting protocols for growth, RNA isolation, c DNA synthesis and labeling, and a summary of data collection, analysis, and interpretation.
Although focused on rice root tissue, the described procedures can be applied to many different treatments, tissues, and plant species.
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Isolation and Detection of Small RNAs from Plant Tissues
Time of Update: 2020-11-11
The two main classes of sRNA, the small-interfering RNA (siRNA) and microRNA (miRNA) classes, are well documented and several experimental approaches have been developed to allow for their routine isolation and detection from plant tissues.
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Bamboo (verled lady)
Time of Update: 2020-11-11
The temperature of the sub-entity occurred is 23-26 degrees C, if the cultivation conditions are suitable, 1 month mulch in the growth of bacteria rope, 2 months appear buds, 3 months or so can be harvested.
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Measurement of Transcription Rates in Arabidopsis Chloroplasts
Time of Update: 2020-11-11
Here, we describe a protocol for run-on transcription in chloroplasts isolated from Arabidopsis leaves and present data on the transcriptional activity of several plastid genes in detached leaves of different Arabidopsis ecotypes.
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Analysis of Meiotic Protein Complexes from Arabidopsis and Brassica Using Affinity-Based Proteomics
Time of Update: 2020-11-11
Here we describe the preparation of meiotic protein complexes fromArabidopsis thaliana and its close crop relative,Brassica oleracea , by co-immunoprecipitation for in-solution analysis by tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS).
thaliana and providing evidence of anin planta interaction between BoASY1 and BoASY3 inB.
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Infrared Thermography in Plant Phenotyping for Salinity Tolerance
Time of Update: 2020-11-11
The recent advances made in the use of infrared thermal imaging (thermography) as a non-invasive, high-throughput technique for the screening of salinity tolerance in plants is reviewed.
We also present the source code of the Matlab program applied to automatically identify plants and batch processIR images.
