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The Initiation and Maintenance of Callus Cultures
Time of Update: 2021-01-18
Plant tissues grown in vitro provide an ideal research tool for the study of a wide range of aspects of plant science.
Plant tissue culture is also being increasingly adopted for the commercial propagation of plants.
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Organogenesis From Transformed Tomato Explants
Time of Update: 2021-01-18
Since the initial reports, various factors have been studied that affect the efficiency of tomato transformation and the technique has been useful for the isolation and identification of many genes involved in plant disease resistance, morphology and development.
After cocultivation, the explants are transferred to an MS-based selective regeneration medium containing zeatin.
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Nepovirus Isolation and RNA Extraction
Time of Update: 2021-01-18
Viruses of the nepovirus genus are classified within the family of Comoviridae , along with the comoviruses and the fabaviruses. At the time of writing, there are some 27 confirmed members of the ge
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Developing Countries
Time of Update: 2021-01-18
In the 1980s and 1990s, based on mcotine and strobilurin, major inventions were made in bringing to the market compounds, such as Bayer’s (Germany) imidacloprid (1 ) and ICI (UK) A5504 (azoxystrobm) (2 ), shown in Fig. 1 .
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PlantVirus Interactions
Time of Update: 2021-01-18
This overview considers these technologies and how they have been used to identify novel viral and plant proteins or genes involved in disease and resistance responses, as well as defense signaling.
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Poplar (Populus spp.)
Time of Update: 2021-01-18
Many protocols that previously have been reported were developed for a specific genotype or species.
The method presented in this chapter has been effective for a wide variety of poplar genotypes.
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Targeted Mutagenesis for Functional Analysis of Gene Duplication in Legumes
Time of Update: 2021-01-18
Here we describe a method for engineering zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs) for the purpose of creating targeted mutations in the paleopolyploid soybean genome.
ZFNs are recombinant proteins composed of an engineered zinc-finger array fused to a nonspecific cleavage domain.
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In Vivo Footprinting in Arabidopsis
Time of Update: 2021-01-18
The DNA/protein interactions targeted by m viva footprintmg can be visualized through the use of genomic sequencing, a technique that can provide strand-specific resolution of single bases ( 1 ).
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Northern Hybridization: A Proficient Method for Detection of Small RNAs and MicroRNAs
Time of Update: 2021-01-18
RNA on the membrane is then detected using suitable labelled oligo-probes.
Here we describe a method for detection of specific small RNAs, from an RNA pool, using sequence homology based oligonucleotideDNA or RNA probes.
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Isolation and Analysis of Small RNAs from Virus-Infected Plants
Time of Update: 2021-01-18
In this chapter, we detail some of the methods available to the researcher for isolating and analyzing virus-derived small RNAs (vsRNAs).
The protocols presented here can also be employed for the isolation of non-virus related small RNAs such as microRNAs (miRNAs) and hairpin RNA (hpRNA).
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Detection of Changes in Global Genome Methylation Using the Cytosine-Extension Assay
Time of Update: 2021-01-18
Although there are various methods of methylation analysis, most of them are either laborious or expensive, or both.
Here, we describe a quick, inexpensive method for analysis of global genome methylation using a cytosine extension assay.
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Elementary Flux Modes, Flux Balance Analysis, and Their Application to Plant Metabolism
Time of Update: 2021-01-18
Here, we describe two approaches for identification of all feasible routes through the network (elementary mode analysis) and for simulation of flux distribution in the network based on plant physiological uptake and excretion rates (flux balance analysis).
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Production of Pathogen-Free Horticultural Crops by Cryotherapy of In Vitro-Grown Shoot Tips
Time of Update: 2021-01-18
The efficient use of pathogen-free plant materials has overcome the menace of plant diseases and has sustained crop production.
When compared with the traditional methods, cryotherapy of shoot tips produces high frequency of pathogen-free plants, which is independent of shoot tip size and cryogenic methods.
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Transformation of Cereals by Microprojectile Bombardment of Immature Inflorescence and Scutellum Tissues
Time of Update: 2021-01-18
It was not until 1988 and 1989 that the first transgenic cereal plants (maize [ 2 ]; rice [ 3 ]) were produced by the use of directDNA -transfer into protoplasts.
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Micropropagation of Cordyline terminalis
Time of Update: 2021-01-18
This protocol describes an efficient and rapid method for large-scale multiplication ofCordyline terminalis in a cost-effective manner.
Thousands of micropropagated plants were produced within 4–5 months using this protocol.
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Formulation and Application of Plant Pathogens for Biological Weed Control
Time of Update: 2021-01-18
For bioherbicides to succeed in the marketplace, products must be efficacious, consistent, easy to use, economical, and have adequate storage life.
The satisfaction of these criteria depends on the development of formulation technology tailored to the industries that will develop the bioherbicides, and to the consumers who will use the products.
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Biochemical Analyses of the Interactions Between Viral Polymerases and RNAs
Time of Update: 2021-01-18
Despite this, only minimal detailed information is available for the interaction between viral polymerases and cognate RNAs. We study the biochemical interactions using two viral polymerases that could serve as models for other plus-strand RNA viruses: the replicase from the tripartite brome mosaic virus (BMV), and the recombinant RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) from hepatitis C virus (HCV).
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A Strategy for Selecting Data Mining Techniques in Metabolomics
Time of Update: 2021-01-18
Metabolomics data usually requires intensive pre-processing, analysis, and mining procedures.
We describe a strategy for selecting data mining techniques which takes into consideration the goals of data mining techniques on the one hand, and the goals of metabolomics investigations and the nature of the data on the other.
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Mutagenesis
Time of Update: 2021-01-18
As far as selectable markers are concerned, mostly nuclear-coded mutations have been characterized, with theexceptionof chloroplast-encodedstreptomycinresistance ( 9 , 10 ) and lincomycin resistance ( 21 ).
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Measurement of Plant Hormones by Liquid ChromatographyMass Spectrometry
Time of Update: 2021-01-18
Accurate and sensitive quantification of ABA and its metabolites has made a significant contribution to the knowledge of the role of this hormone, and also of its relationship to the induction of numerous ABA-induced genes in plants.
