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Use of DNA Microarrays to Study Global Patterns of Gene Expression
Time of Update: 2021-02-20
The images obtained are then analyzed by several software packages to identify and quantify the spots corresponding with the gene-specific probes.
After image processing, the data are normalized and then analyzed to determine those genes whose differential expression between the two samples is statistically significant.
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Pneumococcal Diseases
Time of Update: 2021-02-20
The pneumococcus is now the most important bacterial pathogen causing pneumonia, meningitis, and otitis media. Traditional approaches to the diagnosis ofStreptococcus pneumoniae as the etrologic age
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Determination of the Transforming Activities of Adenovirus Oncogenes
Time of Update: 2021-02-20
Today it is well established that cell transformation by human Ads is a multistep process involving several gene products encoded in early transcription units 1A ( E1A ) and 1B ( E1B ).
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Gonorrhea
Time of Update: 2021-02-20
The prevalence has fallen dramatically in most industrialized countries in the last ten years because of effective therapy, contact tracing, and changes in sexual practices since the advent of the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS).
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Application of Supercritical Fluid Extraction for the Analysis of Organophosphorus Pesticide Residues in Grain and Dried Foodstuffs
Time of Update: 2021-02-20
The SFE and cleanup methods used are likely to be suitable for the determination of OP pesticide residues in other dried foodstuffs without the need to alter the SFE or SPE conditions.
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Isoenzyme Electrophoresis for Parasite Characterization
Time of Update: 2021-02-19
In the field of parasitology, isozymes are mainly used to characterize and distinguish “strains.” For such a difficult purpose, isozyme data definitely have to be analyzed in genetic terms.
If correctly analyzed, isozyme electrophoresis provides an irreplaceable tool in population genetics, and yields information that cannot be obtained by more “fashionable” techniques.
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Manipulating Filamentous Fungus Chemical Phenotypes by Growth on Nutritional Arrays
Time of Update: 2021-02-19
Growth of any given strain in a well-designed nutritional array increases the chances of detecting a biologically active metabolite while reducing the manpower and materials needed for preparing individual fermentations and extracts.
Fungi fermented in nutritional arrays are directly processed in a semi-automated fashion and the extracts prepared for bioassays and analytical chemistry.
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In Situ Analysis of Chromatin Proteins During Development and Cell Differentiation Using Flow Cytometry
Time of Update: 2021-02-19
For instance, duringXenopus laevis early development, the midblastula transition (MBT) is characterized as a period after which the somatic replication-dependent type of H1 starts to accumulate and the embryonic H1 (B4) and HMG1 decrease dramatically ( 7 ).
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Working Safely with Vaccinia Virus: Laboratory Technique and the Role of Vaccinia Vaccination
Time of Update: 2021-02-19
This chapter reviews standard operating procedures when working with vaccinia virus and issues surrounding the use of prophylactic smallpox vaccination for laboratory workers.
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Testing Disinfectants in the Food Factory: Phenol Coefficient Method
Time of Update: 2021-02-19
The food factory environment (with raw materials and processing) governs the numbers and types of microorganisms in finished products ( 1 ).
Microbiological sampling allows objective evaluation of the disinfectants and the sanitation practices and procedures used in the food factory ( 2 ; see Note 1 ).
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In Vitro Cultivation and Biological Cloning of Leishmania
Time of Update: 2021-02-19
Female sandflies become infected when they take bloodmeals from infected mammals, and ingested amastigotes transform into uniflagellate promastigote forms.
The metacyclic forms are small-bodied promastigotes with long flagella, which when injected into a mammal by the sandfly, are responsible for the transfer of infection.
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In Vitro Model of Hypoxically Induced Nonreplicating Persistence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Time of Update: 2021-02-19
Great progress has been made in the latter half of the twentieth century in the understanding of the immunology of tuberculosis and of strategies for chemotherapeutic management of this disease.
These hopes are dashed by the periodic resurgence of tuberculosis in various populations.
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Role of Natural Killer (NK) Cells in Immunity to Adenoviruses
Time of Update: 2021-02-19
Natural killer (NK) cells have become increasingly recognized as integral members of the host cellular immune response. The purpose of this section is to review the general biology of NK cells, their
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Purification of Mitochondria for Enzymes Involved in Nucleic Acid Transactions
Time of Update: 2021-02-19
When mtDNA genomes were sequenced in the 1980s and open reading frames assigned to metabolic enzymes, it became clear thatall proteins involved in mtDNA replication, transcription, and repair are products of nuclear genes that must be imported into mitochondria.
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Molecular Approaches in Mycobacterium tuberculosisand Other Infections Caused by Mycobacterium Species
Time of Update: 2021-02-19
TB is an ancient disease that remains a significant global health problem With improved living standards and the introduction of chemotherapy in 195Os, the incidence of TB in most industrialized countries showed a progressive decline, with very little mortality by the mid 1980s.
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The Amoebozoa
Time of Update: 2021-02-19
This chapter provides an overview of Amoebozoan diversity and compares roads towards multicellularity within the Amoebozoa with inventions of multicellularity in other protist divisions.
The chapter closes with a scenario for the evolution of Dictyostelid multicellularity from an Amoebozoan stress response.
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Application of Total DNA Restriction Pattern Analysis to Identification and Differentiation of Bacterial Strains
Time of Update: 2021-02-19
TotalDNA restriction pattern analysis is one of the techniques commonly used to identify and group bacteria ( 1 – 11 ). This technique can be used to separate species belonging to the same genus ( 1
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Electroporation of Helicobacter pylori
Time of Update: 2021-02-19
The need to fulfill, at the molecular level, Koch’s Postulates for any microbial pathogen investigated demands that the organism be applicable to all the molecular genetic techniques available.
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Isolation of Carotenoid Hyperproducing Mutants of Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous (Phaffia rhodozyma) by Flow Cytometry and Cell Sorting
Time of Update: 2021-02-19
Approaches for improving astaxanthin yields inXanthophyllomyces dendrorhous include optimization of fermentation conditions and generation of hyperproducing mutants through random mutagenesis using chemical or physical means.
This approach improves the speed and productivity of classical strain selection, enhancing the chances for isolating the carotenoid hyperproducing mutants (CHMs) needed to enable high-titer, economical production of natural astaxanthin.
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Sampling Sediment and Soil: Use of Coring Devices
Time of Update: 2021-02-19
Individually, molecular and classical microbial ecology techniques are powerful tools in microbial ecology, but both are limited with respect to relating the presence and/or diversity of microorganis
