The development and application of feed enzymes and the status quo.

OA_show ('533');feed enzyme preparation is a new feed additive with the continuous development of feed industry and enzyme industry, in the 1970s has begun commercial production, after these years of exploration and research, has been the vast number of aquaculture operators more widely recognized and used, the speed of development is unusually rapidFeeding enzymes play an important role in improving feed conversion rate, broadening the application range and proportion of feed raw materials, saving feed resources, reducing feed costs and breeding costs, and improving feeding environmentWith the continuous development of China's animal husbandry, the country's increasing attention to feed safety, enzyme preparation as a kind of high-efficiency, non-toxic side effects and environmental protection of feed additives in China's livestock and poultry breeding industry is bound to be more extensive application1 Classification of feed enzymesthe degradation of enzymes has a high lysus and specificity, different monoenzymes have their corresponding degradation substrates, currently used in the feed industry, there are about 20 kinds of monoenzyme preparationsAccording to the use and characteristics of the enzyme preparation different for the current commodity feeding enzyme seylization using a variety of classification methods: (1) depending on whether a large number of secretion in the animal body to divide the feeding enzyme into exogenous enzymes and endogenous digestive enzymes: exoenzymes include phytoase and non-starch polysaccharide, wherein non-starch polysase also includes polysaclyse enzymes, beta-glucanse, glucotose, pectinase, cellulase, etc.; endogenous digestive enzymes include proteases, amylase, glycoidase and lipase, etc.; (2) according to the type of enzyme contained in the product, feeding enzymes can generally be divided into feed monoenzyme and feed enzyme complexIn general, the compound enzyme is more effective than a single enzyme, but it does not mean that a single enzyme preparation has no advantageThere are a variety of production methods for compound enzyme preparations: generally now on the market compound enzyme preparations are mixed with a variety of monoenzymes, there are also to produce multi-enzyme bacteria fermentation production, and with the appropriate other required monoenzyme;2 The effect of feeding enzymes2.1 improve the production performance of animalsanimals themselves can synthesize a variety of enzymes, but different animals or different growth periods, the secretion capacity of various enzymes in the body is also differentFor example, single-stomach animals can hardly produce non-starch polysaccharides enzymes, targeted addition of some non-starch polysaccharides can appropriately eliminate the anti-nutritional effects of non-starch polysaccharidesPiglet weaning stage, the body amylase, gastritas and trypsin content is low, high temperature, cold, transgrouping and disease and other stress states, animal secretion enzymes are weak or prone to digestive disorders, endogenous digestive enzyme secretion reduction, so add exogenous digestive enzymes in the diet, help to improve the digestive tract environment, balance the secretion of endogenous enzymes, supplement endogenous enzymesIt can also improve the utilization rate of feed, improve the digestion ability of animals, and reduce the decline of production capacity under stress conditions2.2 Improve the quality of dietanti-nutrient factors contained in some feeds (e.g phytic acid, alpha-semilaccosides, etc.), plant cell walls contain editing of woody polysaccharides, cellulose, beta-glucans, glycosaccharine, pectin and other difficult-to-digest substances, which cannot be used as a nutrient Sub-digestion and absorption, and interfere with the digestion and absorption and utilization of other nutrients of the whole diet, hinder the action of animal endogenous digestive enzymes and intracellular nutrients, reduce the nutritional value of fat, starch and protein in feed, resulting in the animal utilization of these feed decreased, poor growth and the production of sticky manure, pollution of the environment Feeding enzymes can effectively degrade these anti-nutrient factors and promote the digestion and absorption of japanese food 2.3 Improve the health level and immune function of the animal non-starch polysaccharides in the intestines of animals easy to form a very viscous diet, become a matrix of the proliferation of intestinal microorganisms, causing diseases of the body; The application of enzyme preparation stoices can effectively reduce the fermentation of the intestines and the number of harmful microorganisms in the intestines after livestock and poultry, eliminate these hazards caused by eating, and reduce the intestinal diseases of livestock and poultry such as chicken and piglet sacin diarrhea At the same time, enzymes produce small molecules (10 or less sugar-based) oligosaccharides or oligosaccharides can compete competitively with the animal's intestinal internal and external pathogenic microorganisms, thereby improving animal health Olitosaccharides produced by the application of enzymes in the animal's gastrointestinal tract can also significantly activate the activity of animal macrophages, act as cofactors for immune stimulation, regulate the body's immune system, improve the immune response of antibodies, thereby increasing the animal body fluids and cell immunity 2.4 Reducing environmental pollution modern aquaculture industry, waste and waste caused by environmental pollution is an urgent problem to be solved, such as nitrogen, phosphorus caused by water eutrophication Adding enzyme sage to feed can improve nutrient utilization, reduce the excretion of organic matter in manure, and reduce environmental pollution In particular, the application of phytic enzymes effectively improves the utilization rate of phosphorus in feed, reduces feed cost, improves the growth performance of livestock and poultry, reduces the amount of inorganic phosphorus added to feed, and reduces the pollution of animal phosphorus emissions to the environment In addition, the addition of non-starch polysaccharide in the feed of viscous grains can reduce the viscosity of eating and excreta, improve the cleanliness of egg products, and avoid high water content of the mat and the proliferation of harmful bacteria, thereby improving the breeding environment 3 Feed enzyme sage preparation in the feed formula 3.1 direct lying to add the method in the original formula of feed directly added enzyme preparation, in order to improve feed quality, improve feeding effect However, this method is suitable for good breeding market, customers are not sensitive to feed prices, the need to use high-grade materials to improve animal growth performance, shorten the column time This method failed to express the improvement of feed quality from enzyme seispeds in quantitative form 3.2 Formula parameter adjustment reduce the nutritional standards of animals, according to the reduced parameters of the formulation adjustment, thereby playing a role in reducing costs This is currently in the use of enzyme preparations, formulars to play the role of enzymes often used a method, simple and convenient operation, but the deficiency of this method is that the enzyme feed itself and can not directly reduce the actual nutritional needs of animals, the enzyme preparationand animal nutrition needs linked to the lack of direct scientific theoretical basis, only the value has changed relatively 3.3 Raw Material Substitution the enzyme sage that will be added to the diet as a raw material containing energy, protein, amino acids and mineral elements, participate in the feed formulation design adjustment The advantage of this approach is that the enzyme formulation is really conceptually given potential nutritional value, and the potential nutritional value of the enzyme formulation is involved in the formulation calculation when the feed formulation is made However, the disadvantage is that the potential nutritional value of the enzyme is not a fixed value, but by the formulation of other raw materials used in the variety and proportion of the influence, when other raw materials change, the potential nutritional value of the enzyme should theoretically be the value of the change, so that the changing value of the actual formulation appears inconvenient At the same time, the use of enzyme preparations in the formulation often requires a fixed value, rather than a use of variable proportion of raw materials, once the amount of enzyme sesame in the feed has changed, even if the feed of other raw materials have been determined, the potential nutritional value of the enzyme itself has also changed 3.4 Nutrient folding algorithm determine the increase value of nutrient utilization rate of various raw materials after adding enzymes to feed, and convert this increase value into the nutrients contained in the raw material, in the case of raw material cost unchanged, according to the raw materials that improve the nutritional value of the formula design Theoretically, this method is more scientific and reasonable, can accurately express the enzyme after the feed feed feed nutrient utilization rate increased, and the increased nutrient value in an additional way added to the nutrient value of raw materials, and according to the enzyme after the nutritional value to improve the nutritional value of the formulation of the theoretical logic principle, accurately express the effect of the enzyme feed NextPage 4 Feeding enzyme preparation assessment method 4.1 enzyme activity detection along with the continuous development of the enzyme industry, the standardization of the feeding enzyme preparation has been gradually improved, the country has developed testing standards for phytase, cellulase, beta-glucanase, etc., and some other enzyme products industry researchers who do not have uniform testing standards have also developed a variety of testing methods according to the actual situation, these methods have been developed to provide strong support for the quality of enzyme products However, as a biomass product, the enzyme preparation is sensitive to external conditions, as long as the temperature, pH, time and other conditions can produce a great difference on the enzyme activity measurement results, because of this, if the enzyme activity measurement method is not unified, will make it difficult for the user of the enzyme preparation to evaluate the actual effect of the enzyme 4.2 Enzyme activity loss determination enzyme preparations in the process of use will encounter many conditions that will cause the loss of enzyme activity, such as the high temperature of feed granules, the presence of enzyme inhibitors in feed and the animal gastrointestinal environment For these conditions, the enzyme sine preparation must have good thermal stability, storage stability and tolerance to avoid inactivation during feed processing, storage and in vivo digestion The stability assessment of feed enzyme preparationists is usually set a certain temperature, humidity and time gradient under the conditions of simulated feed processing parameters, feed storage and animal gastrointestinal tract, and in vitro to assess the effects of temperature and humidity, acid base and storage time on enzyme activity, i.e to determine the survival rate of enzyme activity after different conditions Therefore, to judge the quality of an enzyme product can not only be from the determination of enzyme activity in this aspect, but also must comprehensively consider the possibility of enzyme activity loss during the use of enzyme preparation 4.3 In vitro digestion test in vitro digestion test is in the laboratory to simulate the digestive tract environment of certain animals, with the enzyme preparation to be tested for in vitro digestion feed and other animal food, and to determine the digestion rate of the nutrients before and after digestion (dry substances, proteins, amino acids, organic substances, starch and cellulose, etc.) to determine the digestive effect of enzyme preparations In vitro digestion test is difficult, because the animal digestive tract environment is a dynamic and complex environment, it is affected by many factors (including animal species, animal physiological stage, animal body state, daily food type, etc.) In vitro test can not reflect the real situation in the body, and in vivo test can not be completely consistent, but has a certain reference value 4.4 Animal production test animal production test is the most intuitive method to determine the quality of a feed product, any feed product can best represent the actual value of this product only if it shows significant production effect in animal production test The effect of the most functional additive on feed and the improvement of animal productivity is limited, coupled with the animal production test itself is influenced by external factors, so it is difficult to make the ideal effect of animal production test of enzyme preparation Most of the data show that the feeding enzyme seisves show editing in various animal tests 5 The development of the development of enzyme preparations 5.1 commercialization is fast, the market has a large rout since the 20th century to 50 years of feeding enzyme preparations began to be applied in the livestock and poultry industry, but because of the high cost of production of enzyme preparations, has not been able to commercial production, until the 1970s due to genetically modified technology and fermentation industry has made great progress, the application of feeding enzymes has entered a rapid development stage In 2000, the national sales of feed enzymes has reached 6000t By 2005, the market capacity of China's feeding enzymes has reached 20,000 t, and the market production is only about 8000t According to China's annual feed production of 100 million t calculation, if the feeding enzyme preparation addition amount by 0.1%, the national 1/2 with feed to add feed enzyme preparation, the need for 50,000 t of feeding enzyme preparations, and China's current feeding enzyme preparation market production is far from the market capacity Therefore, feeding enzyme preparations in China still have a lot of market space and potential 5.2 Increasing marketing varieties, xylitosase has been vigorously promoted since phytoase in feed has been successfully promoted and applied, the application effect of feed enzymes has been more and more recognized by feed users, and prompted the whole feeding enzyme industry has been a benign development With the continuous deepening of the research on enzyme preparations, people's understanding of the mechanism of action and the effect of use of various enzymes is also more clear, which has prompted more enzyme preparations to be popularized and applied in the feed industry Xyrestose is another important single enzyme developed in the last two years following the promotion of phytoase, mainly composed of beta-1, 4-D-in-cut lygtolyse, beta-1, 4-D-extraxaneliase and alpha-L-arabic glycoside enzyme, alpha-D-amino acid aloxine and other detrophication-stranded enzymes, which belong to hydrolysis enzymes, specifically to degrade polysaccharide enzymes Adding xylitose to feed can effectively degrade the wood polysaccharides in the feed, eliminate the anti-nutrition factors in the feed, reduce the viscosity of eating in the intestines of animals, improve the utilization rate of feed, improve the performance of animal production, so the application of xylolysus in feed market prospects are very broad In recent years, with the increasing use of xylitose in feed, the technical research and production capacity of xylitose has also developed rapidly In addition, glycoglutose, beta-glucanase and alpha-semi-lactoseside enzymes have also been well developed and used 5.3 bacteria fermentation efficiency increased, total production capacity increased In recent years, with the continuous progress of biotechnology, people through genetic engineering and protein engineering means has been the gene of enzymes have been continuously studied, and cultivate a lot of strong activity, enzyme live stability, the use of relaxed conditions of enzyme-producing bacteria, so that the fermentation capacity of enzyme-producing bacteria greatly improved, fermentation efficiency has been continuously improved The increase of the vitality of the unit enzyme, coupled with the production process of the enzyme preparation and the improvement of the fermentation level of the bacteria, further promotes the widespread use of the feed enzyme At the same time, with the increase of enzyme varieties in the market and the increase of enzyme rate in feed, the fermentation capacity of the whole feeding enzyme has been effectively promoted, and in the past two years several large-scale forage production enterprises have expanded their own production scale to adapt to the increasing market demand for enzyme seves 5.4 Increased international market share, brand influence increased in the 1990s the domestic market for feed enzymes is still mainly using some foreign brand enzyme preparations, to the beginning of this century, with the continuous improvement of enzyme fermentation level, production costs, many domestic enzyme production enterprises have developed rapidly, forming China's own brand, not only occupied the domestic feed enzyme preparation market share, but also in the international market has been a good share of the export of a few The successful application of phythase is also a good example, before 2000 the domestic phytoase market or to foreign enzyme manufacturers sales mainly, after 2002 domestic enzyme production enterprises not only occupied the vast majority of the domestic phytoase market, but also made China become the world's largest phytoase production and sales countries At present, many developed countries, the government has strict legal restrictions to prevent environmental pollution, especially.