Sugarcane.

。Undergraduate sugar cane is a perennion herb. Stem juice is the main raw material for sugar making. A fruit cane called a raw cane. In recent years, it has developed into one of the energy crops. By-products after sugar making are widely used.

about 60 per cent of the world's sugar production. In the early 1980s, annual production was about 64 million tons, with a total planting area of more than 13 million hectares. China's sugar cane cultivation area of about 600,000 hectares, sugar production of nearly 3 million tons, Taiwan Province planting area of about 100,000 hectares, the usual annual output of about 800,000 tons.

chinese cultivation of sugar cane and sugar-making technology, according to the Japanese Bird Canggu Longji "Okinawa 1000 Years" records, in 754 A.D. by the kaesong monk Dongdu when the incoming into Japan. In the 13th century, Marco Polo of Italy mentioned that sugar was produced at the border between Yunnan and Laos, and Indian merchants came to Fuzhou, Quanzhou and other places in China to buy sugar. In addition, there are overseas Chinese sugar technology from Fujian, China to Southeast Asia records. The methods of sugarcane cultivation and sugar production were then transmitted to the Middle East and then to southern Spain through the Mediterranean Sea. On columbus's second trip to the Americas, it took its sugar cane to Santo Domingo, and began growing it around Brazil, Peru, South America and the Atlantic islands around 1650. After the 18th century all over the world.sugar cane-growing areas are now distributed between 32 degrees north latitude and 30 degrees south latitude, even up to 37 degrees north latitude and 35 degrees south latitude, but the main production area is between 25 degrees north and south latitude. Brazil, India, Cuba, Australia, Mexico, China, the Philippines, South Africa, Thailand, the United States, Argentina, the Dominica and Indonesia are the world's main sugar-producing countries, with annual output of more than 1 million tons.china's sugar cane regions are mainly located in Guangdong, Taiwan, Guangxi, Fujian, Yunnan, Sichuan, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Hunan, Guizhou and other provinces (autonomous regions) and marine islands south of the Yangtze River. The altitude of the sugar cane is 1500 meters near the equator.

mainly cultivated with sugar cane (S.officinarum) as the root system, stem solid and stout, 0.5 to 6 meters high. Complex flower sequence, each flower shaft section on the birth of 2 small spikes, one has a handle, one handleless. Each small spike has external protection, internal protection Ying, including 2 small flowers, only the 2nd small flower strong. Strong small flowers have(external ying),(inner ying), scales are 2, male 3, female 1. Sub-fruit, smaller than sesame seeds, each flower sequence with a raw spike 8000 to 30,000. Multiple lines of asexual reproduction in production. In order to avoid affecting the growth of sucrose stems and sugar accumulation, do not wait for flowering, strong harvest, so usually in the field can only see roots, stems, leaves 3 parts. The sucrose stem is both a sugar raw material and a seeding material, consisting of buds and roots on the intersulle and sections, as well as on the section. There is a distinct growth ring at the boundary between the sections and sections, which
the
of the tissue, where the young stems are easily truncated. The inside of the sucrose stem is mainly the tube bundle and thin-walled cells, and the sucrose is stored in the liquid bubbles of thin-walled cells. There are many thin-walled cells between sections, and the tube bundle is parallel vertically. Section thin wall cells less, more tube bundles and branches, mainly concentrated in the buds and root point of the bottom, some parallel into the last section, so the consumption season hard and not sweet.

sugar cane is a four-carbon plant. The original products of photodepending were appleic acid and tianmen dongine, and the catalytic enzyme was phosphatol-type acetone acetate pyroidase, which is affinity with carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide compensation points for sugar cane can be as low as 5%, light saturation points can be above 100 klux, the temperature of 40 degrees C can still be used for photocodynam. The use of nitrogen and water is more efficient. The dry matter of raw sucrose stems generally accounts for about 50 to 60% of the total dry matter output, the tops account for about 15%, and the roots, debris and green leaves account for about 25 to 35%. About 97% of the stem matter is
organic
, the main elements are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen. 90% of the dry matter such as green leaves, tops, debris and dead stems are organic and the rest are mineral elements. Each ton of raw sugar cane, together with all aboveground parts, contains about 1.25 to 1.5 kg of nitrogen, 0.85 kg of phosphorus, 3.5 kg of potassium, 0.95 to 1.1 kg of calcium, and silicon is also a large number of elements. Trace elements include magnesium, manganese, zinc, aluminum, copper, boron, chlorine, sulfur and vanadium.

sugar cane is happy light, happy heat, the effective temperature of growth is above 15 degrees C, from germination to sugar accumulation of the most suitable temperature is 30 degrees C. Sugar cane, which germinates at 30 degrees C, has a high yield in the season and a high yield in the root cane, and the varieties are not easily degraded. Bright light is not only beneficial to the length and coarseness of sugar cane, but also promotes the formation and accumulation of sucrose. Sugar cane good water and afraid of water, the soil requirements are not strict, more salt-resistant, with rich in the quality of neutral micro-alkali sand to sticky soil is better. Potassium is the most popular, but other elements are also indispensable. Fertilizer should be used with a balance between sucrose yield and sugar accumulation.

sugar cane sugar content is generally 14%, high up to more than 15%, recovery rate is generally 90%. Sucrose can also produce higher calories. Sugar cane in addition to sugar has a variety of uses: sugar cane residue is a good energy, but also for feed and paper, fiberboard, artificial cotton, nylon silk, aldehyde and other raw materials, as well as mushrooms, wood ear
culture
base, waste molasses can be used for alcohol, high-level edible wine, MSG,
yeast
, glycelin, acetone, butanol, citric acid, lysine and so on. Filter mud can extract cane wax, sterols. Cane leaves and cane tops can be used for feed and weaving. The processed by-products can be used as fertilizer. Fruit cane is rich in reduced sugar and water, fiber short and brittle, also known as crispy sugar cane, is a favorite fruit.

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