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This article is original by Translational Medicine.
Please indicate the source for reprinting.
Author: Yun Introduction: As scientists learn more about mysterious archaea, they have discovered clues about the evolution of complex cells that make up humans and plants.
Archaea (Archaea for short), as one of the three biological realms (the other two are bacteria and eukaryotes), have an older origin than bacteria, and they usually exist in extreme environments such as deep seas and high temperatures.
Moreover, they may be the key to the evolution of complex life on Earth.
Although both eukaryotes and archaea may originate from a common ancestor, many scientists suspect that archaea promoted the production of eukaryotic groups, such as amoeba, mushrooms, plants, and people.
A popular theory of evolution suggests that eukaryotes originated from archaea, and archaea merged with other microorganisms in the process.
But researchers have trouble exploring this idea, partly because archaea are difficult to grow and study in the laboratory, so that the way they develop and divide is still mysterious.
Recently, the top journal "Nature" published an article titled "The mysterious microbes that gave rise to complex life", introducing the development process of archaea.
Iain Duggin, a molecular microbiologist at the University of Technology Sydney in Australia, said publications on this mysterious microbe have nearly doubled in the past decade.
He said: "We can do some interesting basic experiments and take the first step towards major discoveries.
This way we can have a clearer understanding of how the earliest eukaryotes evolved?" Baum of the University of Wisconsin-Madison is studying one.
Kind of archaea.Baum spent a lot of time imagining what the distant ancestors of humans might look like? It just so happens that the preprint of "BioRxiv" published archaea that scientists spent 12 years cultivating.
It has tentacle-like protrusions in which the cells look like meatballs, and some spaghetti is attached to it.
Figure: Archaea that scientists have spent 12 years cultivating.
The image shocked Baum.
Later, it was published in the journal Nature.
These pictures excited microbiologists around the world.
They are the archaeological results of scientists' hard work for 12 years and are believed to be closely related to the production of eukaryotes.
Five years ago, Baum and his cousin Buzz Baum published a hypothesis about the origin of eukaryotes.
Their predictions resembled this picture, so when Baum stared at the spaghetti-like archaeal, he was surprised: "Oh, my goodness, our guess is correct!" The mystery is slowly solved if eukaryotes do.
Is a powerful archaea, so scientists must understand archaea to understand how more complex cells are formed? Although scientists who study eukaryotes and bacteria have been studying the processes of cell division and growth for decades, the inner workings of archaea are still obscure.
From the soil to the ocean, what all cells have in common is that they divide into more of themselves.
It occurs in the common ancestor of all cell-based life on earth, but as organisms adapt to different ecological environments, this process begins to become different.
Researchers can explore evolution by observing such differences.
All cell life mechanisms have biological common points inherited from the earliest cells.
In contrast, only archaea and eukaryotes or systems shared between bacteria and eukaryotes hint which parent provides the various components of eukaryotes.
For example, the flexible membrane separating eukaryotic cells from the external environment is similar to the membrane in bacteria.
Picture: In the hot spring water, some archaea are multiplying.
Duggin studied the cell division in archaea.
It likes salt water conditions, such as the Dead Sea.
Although there are huge differences between bacteria, eukaryotes, and archaea, these groups do share several cell division systems.
In bacteria, a protein called FtsZ forms a ring in the future part of cell division.
Duggin and his collaborators observed the same phenomenon in H.
volcanii.
Therefore, FtsZ seems to be rooted in the basis of evolution.
However, at some point in evolution, some archaea assigned the work of cell division to another set of proteins.
Baum's team has been studying the archaea Sulfolobus acidocaldarius.
The name is appropriate: it likes acid and heat.
The members of the laboratory put on gloves to protect themselves from the acidic liquid in it, and built a special chamber so that they can observe that it splits under the microscope without cold spots or evaporation.
Picture: Scientists are studying how archaea grow and divide.
The team of Sulfolobus (left), Halobacterium (middle) and Methanosarcina (right) Baum saw a completely different set of proteins to manage the division ring.
In the eukaryotes where they were first discovered, these proteins are not only involved in division, they have a broader role: separating membranes throughout the cell to form vesicles and other small containers.
These proteins are called ESCRT (endosomal sorting complex required for transportation).
In Acidic Halophilus, the research team discovered archaeal proteins involved in the management of split loops, indicating that early versions of ESCRT evolved in eukaryotic archaea.
At the same time, FtsZ evolved into eukaryotic tubulin, giving structure to our cells.
These findings suggest that the archaeal ancestors of eukaryotes may have a kit for forming and dividing cells, which can be naturally selected and then adapted to the needs of more complex progeny cells.
Archaeal ancestors But what kind of cells are archaeal ancestors? How does it meet and merge with bacteria? Biologist Lynn Margulis first proposed in 1967 that when one cell swallows another cell, eukaryotes will appear.
Most researchers agree that phagocytosis is still going on, but they have different ideas about when and how the internal compartments of eukaryotes are created.
Many models believe that the cells that eventually become eukaryotic cells are already very complex before they encounter the bacteria that are about to become mitochondria, with flexible membranes and internal compartments.
These theories require cells to develop a way of phagocytosis of external substances, so they can capture passing bacteria in a lethal way.
In contrast, Gould and others believe that mitochondria are acquired early, so they help provide energy for larger, more complex cells.
The Baum model is one of the few models that explain how mitochondria are produced without phagocytosis.
David Baum first proposed this idea when he was studying for an undergraduate degree at Oxford University in the UK in 1984.
Archaea may begin to stretch their outer membranes to increase the surface area for nutrient exchange.
Over time, these bumps may spread and grow around the bacteria until the bacteria are more or less inside the archaea.
At the same time, when some particularly long antennae grow near the edge, a new outer membrane of the cell will form.
Compared with archaea precursors, the cells are larger.
This species is the first to be cultivated from a group called Asgard archaea.
The proteins of these organisms described in 2015 are considered by many scientists to be very similar to eukaryotes.
Researchers soon suspected that the archaea ancestors of eukaryotes were similar to Asgard archaea.
By pointing out potential grandmothers, this discovery supports Baum's hypothesis.
The Asgard representative (not yet named, currently known as Candidatus'Prometheoarchaeum syntrophicum') grows in a bioreactor, next to a pair of microbial hangers that share nutrients with the microbes.
It is worth noting that it does not have any complicated internal membranes or signs.
It once hoped to swallow those companions.
It has three systems related to cell division.
When the cell stops dividing and stretches out its tentacles, the biggest surprise comes.
Baums suggests that these may increase nutrient exchange between microorganisms co-cultured with archaea, as predicted by their model of grandmother cells.
Based on their observations, Nobu and his colleagues developed a theory of how eukaryotes evolve, which has much in common with Baums' ideas.
It involves a kind of microbial extending filaments that eventually engulf its partner.
Nobu said: "I like our hypothesis because it allows the complexity that is unique to eukaryotes (the nucleus and mitochondria occur at the same time).
"
As researchers continue to cultivate and study archaea, dozens of microorganisms have been successfully cultivated in the laboratory.
Buzz Baum and his collaborators are investigating symbiosis in archaea and analyzing microbial genealogy to further test their ideas.
Nobu and his colleagues are studying these protrusions in more detail and are working on other Asgard archaea.
There may be more evidence waiting to be discovered.
For example, Baums predicts that it may be possible to find eukaryotes in which the tentacle membrane has not been completely separated from the outer cell membrane.
"They are both bacteria, archaea, and new inventions,
" Buzz Baum said.
Reference materials: [1] Note: This article aims to introduce the progress of medical research and cannot be used as a reference for treatment options.
If you need health guidance, please go to a regular hospital.
Please indicate the source for reprinting.
Author: Yun Introduction: As scientists learn more about mysterious archaea, they have discovered clues about the evolution of complex cells that make up humans and plants.
Archaea (Archaea for short), as one of the three biological realms (the other two are bacteria and eukaryotes), have an older origin than bacteria, and they usually exist in extreme environments such as deep seas and high temperatures.
Moreover, they may be the key to the evolution of complex life on Earth.
Although both eukaryotes and archaea may originate from a common ancestor, many scientists suspect that archaea promoted the production of eukaryotic groups, such as amoeba, mushrooms, plants, and people.
A popular theory of evolution suggests that eukaryotes originated from archaea, and archaea merged with other microorganisms in the process.
But researchers have trouble exploring this idea, partly because archaea are difficult to grow and study in the laboratory, so that the way they develop and divide is still mysterious.
Recently, the top journal "Nature" published an article titled "The mysterious microbes that gave rise to complex life", introducing the development process of archaea.
Iain Duggin, a molecular microbiologist at the University of Technology Sydney in Australia, said publications on this mysterious microbe have nearly doubled in the past decade.
He said: "We can do some interesting basic experiments and take the first step towards major discoveries.
This way we can have a clearer understanding of how the earliest eukaryotes evolved?" Baum of the University of Wisconsin-Madison is studying one.
Kind of archaea.Baum spent a lot of time imagining what the distant ancestors of humans might look like? It just so happens that the preprint of "BioRxiv" published archaea that scientists spent 12 years cultivating.
It has tentacle-like protrusions in which the cells look like meatballs, and some spaghetti is attached to it.
Figure: Archaea that scientists have spent 12 years cultivating.
The image shocked Baum.
Later, it was published in the journal Nature.
These pictures excited microbiologists around the world.
They are the archaeological results of scientists' hard work for 12 years and are believed to be closely related to the production of eukaryotes.
Five years ago, Baum and his cousin Buzz Baum published a hypothesis about the origin of eukaryotes.
Their predictions resembled this picture, so when Baum stared at the spaghetti-like archaeal, he was surprised: "Oh, my goodness, our guess is correct!" The mystery is slowly solved if eukaryotes do.
Is a powerful archaea, so scientists must understand archaea to understand how more complex cells are formed? Although scientists who study eukaryotes and bacteria have been studying the processes of cell division and growth for decades, the inner workings of archaea are still obscure.
From the soil to the ocean, what all cells have in common is that they divide into more of themselves.
It occurs in the common ancestor of all cell-based life on earth, but as organisms adapt to different ecological environments, this process begins to become different.
Researchers can explore evolution by observing such differences.
All cell life mechanisms have biological common points inherited from the earliest cells.
In contrast, only archaea and eukaryotes or systems shared between bacteria and eukaryotes hint which parent provides the various components of eukaryotes.
For example, the flexible membrane separating eukaryotic cells from the external environment is similar to the membrane in bacteria.
Picture: In the hot spring water, some archaea are multiplying.
Duggin studied the cell division in archaea.
It likes salt water conditions, such as the Dead Sea.
Although there are huge differences between bacteria, eukaryotes, and archaea, these groups do share several cell division systems.
In bacteria, a protein called FtsZ forms a ring in the future part of cell division.
Duggin and his collaborators observed the same phenomenon in H.
volcanii.
Therefore, FtsZ seems to be rooted in the basis of evolution.
However, at some point in evolution, some archaea assigned the work of cell division to another set of proteins.
Baum's team has been studying the archaea Sulfolobus acidocaldarius.
The name is appropriate: it likes acid and heat.
The members of the laboratory put on gloves to protect themselves from the acidic liquid in it, and built a special chamber so that they can observe that it splits under the microscope without cold spots or evaporation.
Picture: Scientists are studying how archaea grow and divide.
The team of Sulfolobus (left), Halobacterium (middle) and Methanosarcina (right) Baum saw a completely different set of proteins to manage the division ring.
In the eukaryotes where they were first discovered, these proteins are not only involved in division, they have a broader role: separating membranes throughout the cell to form vesicles and other small containers.
These proteins are called ESCRT (endosomal sorting complex required for transportation).
In Acidic Halophilus, the research team discovered archaeal proteins involved in the management of split loops, indicating that early versions of ESCRT evolved in eukaryotic archaea.
At the same time, FtsZ evolved into eukaryotic tubulin, giving structure to our cells.
These findings suggest that the archaeal ancestors of eukaryotes may have a kit for forming and dividing cells, which can be naturally selected and then adapted to the needs of more complex progeny cells.
Archaeal ancestors But what kind of cells are archaeal ancestors? How does it meet and merge with bacteria? Biologist Lynn Margulis first proposed in 1967 that when one cell swallows another cell, eukaryotes will appear.
Most researchers agree that phagocytosis is still going on, but they have different ideas about when and how the internal compartments of eukaryotes are created.
Many models believe that the cells that eventually become eukaryotic cells are already very complex before they encounter the bacteria that are about to become mitochondria, with flexible membranes and internal compartments.
These theories require cells to develop a way of phagocytosis of external substances, so they can capture passing bacteria in a lethal way.
In contrast, Gould and others believe that mitochondria are acquired early, so they help provide energy for larger, more complex cells.
The Baum model is one of the few models that explain how mitochondria are produced without phagocytosis.
David Baum first proposed this idea when he was studying for an undergraduate degree at Oxford University in the UK in 1984.
Archaea may begin to stretch their outer membranes to increase the surface area for nutrient exchange.
Over time, these bumps may spread and grow around the bacteria until the bacteria are more or less inside the archaea.
At the same time, when some particularly long antennae grow near the edge, a new outer membrane of the cell will form.
Compared with archaea precursors, the cells are larger.
This species is the first to be cultivated from a group called Asgard archaea.
The proteins of these organisms described in 2015 are considered by many scientists to be very similar to eukaryotes.
Researchers soon suspected that the archaea ancestors of eukaryotes were similar to Asgard archaea.
By pointing out potential grandmothers, this discovery supports Baum's hypothesis.
The Asgard representative (not yet named, currently known as Candidatus'Prometheoarchaeum syntrophicum') grows in a bioreactor, next to a pair of microbial hangers that share nutrients with the microbes.
It is worth noting that it does not have any complicated internal membranes or signs.
It once hoped to swallow those companions.
It has three systems related to cell division.
When the cell stops dividing and stretches out its tentacles, the biggest surprise comes.
Baums suggests that these may increase nutrient exchange between microorganisms co-cultured with archaea, as predicted by their model of grandmother cells.
Based on their observations, Nobu and his colleagues developed a theory of how eukaryotes evolve, which has much in common with Baums' ideas.
It involves a kind of microbial extending filaments that eventually engulf its partner.
Nobu said: "I like our hypothesis because it allows the complexity that is unique to eukaryotes (the nucleus and mitochondria occur at the same time).
"
As researchers continue to cultivate and study archaea, dozens of microorganisms have been successfully cultivated in the laboratory.
Buzz Baum and his collaborators are investigating symbiosis in archaea and analyzing microbial genealogy to further test their ideas.
Nobu and his colleagues are studying these protrusions in more detail and are working on other Asgard archaea.
There may be more evidence waiting to be discovered.
For example, Baums predicts that it may be possible to find eukaryotes in which the tentacle membrane has not been completely separated from the outer cell membrane.
"They are both bacteria, archaea, and new inventions,
" Buzz Baum said.
Reference materials: [1] Note: This article aims to introduce the progress of medical research and cannot be used as a reference for treatment options.
If you need health guidance, please go to a regular hospital.
