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There are a large number of microbial communities in different parts of the human body, called the microbiome.
What is not well known to everyone is that the human body also has a large number of viruses, called the "virus group".
There are an estimated 1031 virus-like particles on the entire earth, so viruses are considered to be the most abundant and diverse biological entities in the world.
The virus population in the human body is also huge.
An adult contains about 1013 virus-like particles with complex heterogeneity, which is the same order of magnitude as the number of cells and bacteria in the human body.
In recent years, the use of metagenomic sequencing and other methods to study the human virus group has clarified the virus diversity in different parts of the human body, discovered the early establishment mechanism of the virus group in the human body, and initially revealed the interaction between the virus group and the host and the overall virus The relationship between group structure and disease state.
On March 30, 2021, postdoctoral fellow Liang Guanxiang and Professor Frederic Bushman from the University of Pennsylvania published a review paper entitled The human virome: assembly, composition and host interactions in Nature Reviews Microbiology as co-corresponding authors.
This review reviews in detail the development process of human viromics in the past 20 years, systematically summarizes the origin, assembly, structural characteristics, and dynamic diversity of the human virion, and at the same time summarizes the host and virion in the state of health and disease The interrelationship of the whole virus group looks forward to the application prospects of the whole virus group in human diseases.
Centuries of medical research has linked specific viral infections with characteristic diseases.
However, the nature and importance of the virus group as a whole has only recently begun to be taken seriously.
This is mainly due to the development of advanced DNA sequencing methods that can report the structure of the entire virus population.
The non-targeted sequencing method of purified virus samples was first applied to environmental samples.
Breitbart et al.
prepared virus-like particles from seawater in 2002, and then used metagenomic sequencing to report for the first time the rich and diverse phage genomes in seawater, as well as the proportion of a large amount of "dark matter" in the virus group.
In the second year, the same research team conducted the first study of the overall virus community in human feces, which once again revealed the rich and diverse virus populations.
Since then, in the past 20 years, similar methods have been applied in many studies of the human virus group, revealing the complex relationship between the virus group and human health and disease, and continuing to emphasize the breadth of the virus group's "dark matter" .
Despite receiving more and more attention, there are still a large number of viral genomes that cannot be annotated with unidentified sources in typical viromics research, highlighting the importance of exploring the "dark matter" of the virus.
The populations of viruses in different parts of the human body vary greatly.
The human intestine contains the most abundant virus populations, and the research on these populations is also the most in-depth.
The abundant intestinal cells and prokaryotic microbial cells in the intestine provide a variety of hosts for the growth of viruses.
Other parts of the human body, especially in a healthy state, were once thought to have no or very few virus populations.
But recent work has shown that many parts of the human body are rich in virus populations.
At the same time, the virus group also has great differences between human individuals, which implies that the differences in phenotype between individuals are due to the difference of the virus group to a certain extent.
Figure 1.
The main replication cycle model of bacteriophages in the human body.
Through years of in-depth research, the segmented colonization mode of the virus group in the human body has been discovered.
Breastfeeding is considered to play an important role in the process of virus colonization; how the antiviral components in breast milk interact with the components of the virus needs to be further investigated.
More and more data show that the factors that affect the human microbiome also often affect the virus, such as genetics, diet, drugs, geography, aging, and so on.
The latest research shows that the symbiotic virus not only actively interacts with other microorganisms, but also has a close relationship with the mammalian immune system.
Although the vast majority of relevant research is carried out in animal models, these findings are of great significance to the study of the role of the virus group in disease states, and lay a solid foundation for understanding in-depth molecular mechanisms.
After nearly 20 years of hard work, the vast world of the human virus has begun to be understood, providing important foundational work for countless future basic research.
Figure 2.
The main interaction relationship between the human body and the virus group.
Liang Guanxiang, the first author and co-corresponding author of the paper, graduated from the School of Veterinary Medicine of Northwest A&F University in 2011 with a bachelor's degree, and graduated from the University of Alberta in Canada with a doctorate in 2015 During his Ph.
D.
period, he studied under Professor Luluo Guan and devoted himself to the study of the relationship between animal hosts and microorganisms.
In 2016, he joined the Frederic Bushman team at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine for postdoctoral training.
During the postdoctoral period, he was mainly engaged in the research of human virus and metagenomic bioinformatics.
Dr.
Liang Guanxiang has published 13 first-author and corresponding-author papers in journals including Nature, Genome Biology, and more than 20 co-author papers.
Dr.
Guanxiang Liang will join Tsinghua University School of Medicine as an independent researcher and doctoral supervisor in September 2021.
Due to the development of the laboratory, it is necessary to recruit research assistants in the near future, and to recruit postdoctoral fellows and visiting scholars for a long time.
Resume delivery (for those who are interested, please send your resume and other materials to): https://jinshuju.
net/f/ZqXwZt or scan the QR code to submit the original resume link: s41579-021-00536-5 Plate maker: Notes for reprinting on the 11th [Non-original article] The copyright of this article belongs to the author of the article.
Personal forwarding and sharing are welcome.
Reprinting is prohibited without permission.
The author has all legal rights and offenders must be investigated.
What is not well known to everyone is that the human body also has a large number of viruses, called the "virus group".
There are an estimated 1031 virus-like particles on the entire earth, so viruses are considered to be the most abundant and diverse biological entities in the world.
The virus population in the human body is also huge.
An adult contains about 1013 virus-like particles with complex heterogeneity, which is the same order of magnitude as the number of cells and bacteria in the human body.
In recent years, the use of metagenomic sequencing and other methods to study the human virus group has clarified the virus diversity in different parts of the human body, discovered the early establishment mechanism of the virus group in the human body, and initially revealed the interaction between the virus group and the host and the overall virus The relationship between group structure and disease state.
On March 30, 2021, postdoctoral fellow Liang Guanxiang and Professor Frederic Bushman from the University of Pennsylvania published a review paper entitled The human virome: assembly, composition and host interactions in Nature Reviews Microbiology as co-corresponding authors.
This review reviews in detail the development process of human viromics in the past 20 years, systematically summarizes the origin, assembly, structural characteristics, and dynamic diversity of the human virion, and at the same time summarizes the host and virion in the state of health and disease The interrelationship of the whole virus group looks forward to the application prospects of the whole virus group in human diseases.
Centuries of medical research has linked specific viral infections with characteristic diseases.
However, the nature and importance of the virus group as a whole has only recently begun to be taken seriously.
This is mainly due to the development of advanced DNA sequencing methods that can report the structure of the entire virus population.
The non-targeted sequencing method of purified virus samples was first applied to environmental samples.
Breitbart et al.
prepared virus-like particles from seawater in 2002, and then used metagenomic sequencing to report for the first time the rich and diverse phage genomes in seawater, as well as the proportion of a large amount of "dark matter" in the virus group.
In the second year, the same research team conducted the first study of the overall virus community in human feces, which once again revealed the rich and diverse virus populations.
Since then, in the past 20 years, similar methods have been applied in many studies of the human virus group, revealing the complex relationship between the virus group and human health and disease, and continuing to emphasize the breadth of the virus group's "dark matter" .
Despite receiving more and more attention, there are still a large number of viral genomes that cannot be annotated with unidentified sources in typical viromics research, highlighting the importance of exploring the "dark matter" of the virus.
The populations of viruses in different parts of the human body vary greatly.
The human intestine contains the most abundant virus populations, and the research on these populations is also the most in-depth.
The abundant intestinal cells and prokaryotic microbial cells in the intestine provide a variety of hosts for the growth of viruses.
Other parts of the human body, especially in a healthy state, were once thought to have no or very few virus populations.
But recent work has shown that many parts of the human body are rich in virus populations.
At the same time, the virus group also has great differences between human individuals, which implies that the differences in phenotype between individuals are due to the difference of the virus group to a certain extent.
Figure 1.
The main replication cycle model of bacteriophages in the human body.
Through years of in-depth research, the segmented colonization mode of the virus group in the human body has been discovered.
Breastfeeding is considered to play an important role in the process of virus colonization; how the antiviral components in breast milk interact with the components of the virus needs to be further investigated.
More and more data show that the factors that affect the human microbiome also often affect the virus, such as genetics, diet, drugs, geography, aging, and so on.
The latest research shows that the symbiotic virus not only actively interacts with other microorganisms, but also has a close relationship with the mammalian immune system.
Although the vast majority of relevant research is carried out in animal models, these findings are of great significance to the study of the role of the virus group in disease states, and lay a solid foundation for understanding in-depth molecular mechanisms.
After nearly 20 years of hard work, the vast world of the human virus has begun to be understood, providing important foundational work for countless future basic research.
Figure 2.
The main interaction relationship between the human body and the virus group.
Liang Guanxiang, the first author and co-corresponding author of the paper, graduated from the School of Veterinary Medicine of Northwest A&F University in 2011 with a bachelor's degree, and graduated from the University of Alberta in Canada with a doctorate in 2015 During his Ph.
D.
period, he studied under Professor Luluo Guan and devoted himself to the study of the relationship between animal hosts and microorganisms.
In 2016, he joined the Frederic Bushman team at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine for postdoctoral training.
During the postdoctoral period, he was mainly engaged in the research of human virus and metagenomic bioinformatics.
Dr.
Liang Guanxiang has published 13 first-author and corresponding-author papers in journals including Nature, Genome Biology, and more than 20 co-author papers.
Dr.
Guanxiang Liang will join Tsinghua University School of Medicine as an independent researcher and doctoral supervisor in September 2021.
Due to the development of the laboratory, it is necessary to recruit research assistants in the near future, and to recruit postdoctoral fellows and visiting scholars for a long time.
Resume delivery (for those who are interested, please send your resume and other materials to): https://jinshuju.
net/f/ZqXwZt or scan the QR code to submit the original resume link: s41579-021-00536-5 Plate maker: Notes for reprinting on the 11th [Non-original article] The copyright of this article belongs to the author of the article.
Personal forwarding and sharing are welcome.
Reprinting is prohibited without permission.
The author has all legal rights and offenders must be investigated.
