Injury to the intestines, suffering all over the body

Our bodies carry trillions of microbes, the number of which far exceeds the number of human cells, and the genes encoded by them are 150 times that of the human genome. These microbes are mutually beneficial and coexist in harmony with us . In 2015, the evolutionary biologist Bordenstein of Vanderbilt University in the United States and his colleagues published a paper in the journal PLos Biology and proposed that the definition of "I" should be expanded and microorganisms should be included . "I" should include the microorganisms in and on the body. We are not just human beings, but a "super symbiotic organism" (holobionts) . These microorganisms live in our skin, mouth, and respiratory tract, mainly in our intestines . In the early 20th century, when Mechnikov was studying the problem of human longevity, he found that the human large intestine is very suitable for the survival of spoilage bacteria, and these bacteria are extremely harmful to the human body, which is the cause of premature aging and life loss . When he conducted a survey in Bulgaria, he found that out of every 1,000 people who died in this country, 4 were long-lived people over a hundred years old. All these elderly people loved to drink yogurt before they were alive . Mechnikov concluded that these elderly people were the result of drinking yogurt. After testing the yogurt, he found that the yogurt contains a bacillus that can effectively eliminate spoilage bacteria in the large intestine, and named it "Lactobacillus bulgaricus. " "In his "Longevity Theory", he pointed out that "Lactobacillus bulgaricus" can effectively inhibit the growth of spoilage bacteria in the human gastrointestinal tract, and absorb food residues in the intestinal tract, reducing the poisoning of harmful bacteria in the intestine to the entire body . 　　However, it was not until 100 years later that the research on intestinal flora flourished and was overwhelming . More and more studies have found that intestinal microbes and their metabolites directly or indirectly affect the human body's nutrient processing, digestion and absorption, energy balance, immune function, gastrointestinal development and maturity, and many other important physiological activities . The health of the intestines and intestinal flora is a key factor in determining overall physical and mental health. The destruction of the intestinal flora may affect every organ of the body . More and more studies have also intertwined the intestinal flora and the various organs of the host. It has been determined that the microbe-gut-brain axis, the intestine-liver axis, the intestine-fatty tissue axis, the intestine-mandrel axis, and the intestine -Skin axis, gut-bone axis, gut-lung axis, gut-thyroid axis, gut-pancreas axis, gut-kidney axis and gut-eye axis . They are setting off a new healthcare revolution . 　　Symbiotic relationship 　　A symbiotic intestinal tract is composed of a naturally balanced microbial community. The number of "good" microbes far exceeds the number of "bad" microbes and controls their growth and reproduction . 　　The symbiotic intestinal flora will ferment undigested carbohydrates and dietary fiber to produce short-chain fatty acids. Among them, the most abundant short-chain fatty acids are acetic acid, propionic acid and butyric acid . Short-chain fatty acids can act as special nutrients and energy components of the intestinal epithelium, protect the intestinal mucosal barrier and enhance the motility of the gastrointestinal tract . Short-chain fatty acids can also diffuse into the blood circulation and act on distant organs/tissues/cells . 　　Short-chain fatty acids can provide various physiological benefits: 　　systemic anti-inflammatory effects . 　　Promote browning of white adipose tissue, which makes it easier to generate heat or release energy . 　　It promotes bone formation by regulating the activity of bone cell precursors and the production of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) in the liver . 　　Promote the growth of short-chain fatty acid-loving microorganisms in the skin flora and lung flora, and support their symbiotic relationship . … 　　The intestinal microbes in the symbiotic state can also synthesize various vitamins, such as vitamin B1, pantothenic acid, niacin, vitamin K2, and vitamin B12, etc. , which are necessary for enzyme cofactors in the host’s basic biochemical reactions, including DNA replication , cell proliferation and energy production and the like . 　　Lactobacillus and bifidobacteria in the intestine can produce various brain neurobiochemical substances, including serotonin, dopamine, gamma-aminobutyric acid, glutamic acid and so on . In fact, 90% of serotonin and 50% of dopamine in the human body are produced in the intestine . The vagus nerve may be the conduit through which these microbial neurobiochemical substances communicate with the brain . Since intestinal microbes synthesize a large amount of neurobiochemical substances in the brain, the loss of this symbiotic relationship will adversely affect the brain . The manipulation of the intestinal flora can easily change the brain's neural circuits and lead to changes in the behavior of mice . This phenomenon is beginning to be confirmed in humans more and more, and more and more studies have confirmed that the imbalance of intestinal flora is related to a large number of brain diseases . 　　Bacterial imbalance 　　When the intestinal flora deviates from the normal, the intestinal flora imbalance will occur, the number of "bad" microorganisms and their harmful metabolites is too much, even more than the "good" microorganisms . Common causes of intestinal flora imbalance include antibiotics, poor diet, lack of sleep, psychological stress, and original health conditions . 　　Imbalance of the intestinal flora means loss of symbiosis . The production of intestinal microbial symbiotic metabolites will drop sharply, such as short-chain fatty acids and brain neurobiochemical substances, and the various physiological benefits they bring to us will gradually be lost until the intestinal flora imbalance is restored . 　　Imbalance of the intestinal flora can also cause local inflammation, destroy the inner wall of the intestine, and cause intestinal leakage . This allows bacteria and their endotoxins to be transferred from the intestine to the blood circulation, causing low-grade, continuous systemic inflammation in the host . Therefore, the imbalance of the intestinal flora may trigger or exacerbate the existing inflammatory conditions and increase the risk of disease . Systemic inflammation will further aggravate the damage of the intestinal lining, and a vicious circle will inevitably follow . 　　With the excessive increase in the number of "bad" microorganisms in the intestine, the synthesis of harmful microbial metabolites is abnormal, which also increases the risk of disease . For example, the dysregulated intestinal flora may produce excessive trimethylamine (TMA) from dietary choline and carnitine through the portal vein and enter the liver, where it is converted into trimethylamine oxide (TMAO) . Excessive trimethylamine oxide is toxic to the liver, heart and kidneys, especially the heart, because trimethylamine oxide has been proven to be a risk factor for cardiovascular disease . 　　Another example is free phenol and p-cresol, which are usually produced by Clostridium bacteria in the intestines. They can accumulate in the skin and disrupt the epidermal barrier and differentiation . Other metabolites of Clostridium include 4-cresol and 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, which can inhibit dopamine-β-hydroxylase, which converts dopamine into norepinephrine in the brain . The accumulation of free phenol and p-cresol will lead to the accumulation of excessive dopamine, which is toxic to neurons . These harmful gut microbial metabolites usually do not cause any complications at low doses, but in the process of intestinal flora imbalance, they accumulate in large quantities and the story will change . 　　In general, when the intestinal flora is imbalanced, the following will also occur: 　　the production of intestinal microbial metabolites related to the symbiotic state is reduced . 　　Bacteria and their endotoxins are excessively transported from the intestine into the blood circulation . 　　Excessive production of harmful microbial metabolites in the gut . 　　Because of this, it is not surprising that intestinal flora disorders have been found to cause dysfunction and diseases of various organs/tissues in the body: 　　brain: depression, memory impairment, anorexia, addiction, Parkinson's disease , Alzheimer's disease, autism and schizophrenia (gut-brain axis) 　　liver: alcoholic fatty liver, non-alcoholic fatty liver, cirrhosis, liver cancer (gut-liver axis) 　　Adipose tissue: obesity, non-alcoholic fatty liver (intestine-fatty tissue axis) 　　Heart: atherosclerosis, heart failure, atrial fibrillation, etc. (intestine-mandrel axis) 　　Skin: acne, atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, rosacea, etc. (Intestine-cutaneous axis) 　　Bone: Osteoporosis (intestine-bone axis) 　　Lung: allergy, asthma, cystic fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (intestine-pulmonary axis) 　　Thyroid: autoimmune thyroiditis (intestine-thyroid axis) ) 　　Pancreas: Type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer (intestine-pancreatic axis) 　　Kidney: chronic kidney disease, diabetic nephropathy (intestine-renal axis) 　　Eyes: autoimmune uveitis, age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma , Sjogren’s syndrome (gut-eye axis) 　　intestine: Irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, celiac disease, colorectal cancer, etc. 　　More and more studies have proved the relationship between the above diseases and the imbalance of intestinal flora Relevance, however, whether the imbalance of the intestinal flora is the cause of the disease or the result of the disease has been controversial . Fecal bacteria transplantation studies have proved the important role of intestinal flora imbalance in promoting the occurrence of diseases . When the gut microbes of obese people are transplanted into the intestines of sterile mice, the mice will be obese, which confirms the causality to a certain extent . Obesity is just an example. Similar research results have been observed in depression, Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, autism, irritable bowel syndrome, colon cancer and other diseases . 　　All in all, our human body is a "super organism" coexisting with trillions of bacteria. In fact, only 10% of us are humans, and the other 90% are bacteria. They are also indispensable for our normal physiological functions . Modern medicine only pays attention to 10% of the body’s own cells, while ignoring 90% of the bacteria, and even continuously destroying them. It is only natural that the incidence of chronic diseases is increasing. . In the prevention and treatment of diseases, if the 90% of bacteria are not considered, they will inevitably return without success . 　　Hippocrates, the father of medicine, said as early as 2000 years ago that "all diseases begin in the intestines. " Mechnikov, the father of probiotics, also proposed in the early 20th century that "when the'good' bacteria in the intestine cannot be controlled, the bad 'Most diseases can happen when bacteria are present . ' From Hippocrates to Mechnikov to today, I believe many people no longer deny that the gut microbe-host symbiosis ecosystem is the cornerstone of health . Deciphering how this ecosystem works can revolutionize healthcare and how we prevent or treat diseases .   Disclaimer: This article only represents the author's personal views and has nothing to do with China Probiotics. com . The originality and the text and content stated in the article have not been verified by this site. This site does not make any guarantee or commitment to the authenticity, completeness, and timeliness of this article, all or part of the content, and the text. Please readers for reference only, and please Verify the relevant content yourself .   Copyright Notice 1. Some of the reprinted articles on this site are not original, and the copyright and liability belong to the original author . 2. All reprinted articles, links and pictures on this website are for the purpose of conveying more information, and clearly indicate the source and author. Media or individuals who do not want to be reprinted can contact us for infringement information that can provide sufficient evidence , Bio149 will be deleted within 12 hours after confirmation . 3. Users are welcome to post original articles to 86371366@qq. com, and publish them to the homepage after review. The copyright and liability belong to the sender .

　　Our bodies carry trillions of microbes, the number of which far exceeds the number of human cells, and the genes encoded by them are 150 times that of the human genome.
These microbes are mutually beneficial and coexist in harmony with us
.
In 2015, the evolutionary biologist Bordenstein of Vanderbilt University in the United States and his colleagues published a paper in the journal PLos Biology and proposed that the definition of "I" should be expanded and microorganisms should be included
.
"I" should include the microorganisms in and on the body.
We are not just human beings, but a "super symbiotic organism" (holobionts)
.


　　These microorganisms live in our skin, mouth, and respiratory tract, mainly in our intestines
.
In the early 20th century, when Mechnikov was studying the problem of human longevity, he found that the human large intestine is very suitable for the survival of spoilage bacteria, and these bacteria are extremely harmful to the human body, which is the cause of premature aging and life loss
.
When he conducted a survey in Bulgaria, he found that out of every 1,000 people who died in this country, 4 were long-lived people over a hundred years old.
All these elderly people loved to drink yogurt before they were alive
.
Mechnikov concluded that these elderly people were the result of drinking yogurt.
After testing the yogurt, he found that the yogurt contains a bacillus that can effectively eliminate spoilage bacteria in the large intestine, and named it "Lactobacillus bulgaricus.
" "In his "Longevity Theory", he pointed out that "Lactobacillus bulgaricus" can effectively inhibit the growth of spoilage bacteria in the human gastrointestinal tract, and absorb food residues in the intestinal tract, reducing the poisoning of harmful bacteria in the intestine to the entire body
.


　　However, it was not until 100 years later that the research on intestinal flora flourished and was overwhelming
.
More and more studies have found that intestinal microbes and their metabolites directly or indirectly affect the human body's nutrient processing, digestion and absorption, energy balance, immune function, gastrointestinal development and maturity, and many other important physiological activities
.
The health of the intestines and intestinal flora is a key factor in determining overall physical and mental health.
The destruction of the intestinal flora may affect every organ of the body
.
More and more studies have also intertwined the intestinal flora and the various organs of the host.
It has been determined that the microbe-gut-brain axis, the intestine-liver axis, the intestine-fatty tissue axis, the intestine-mandrel axis, and the intestine -Skin axis, gut-bone axis, gut-lung axis, gut-thyroid axis, gut-pancreas axis, gut-kidney axis and gut-eye axis
.
They are setting off a new healthcare revolution
.


　　Symbiotic relationship

　　A symbiotic intestinal tract is composed of a naturally balanced microbial community.
The number of "good" microbes far exceeds the number of "bad" microbes and controls their growth and reproduction
.


　　The symbiotic intestinal flora will ferment undigested carbohydrates and dietary fiber to produce short-chain fatty acids.
Among them, the most abundant short-chain fatty acids are acetic acid, propionic acid and butyric acid
.
Short-chain fatty acids can act as special nutrients and energy components of the intestinal epithelium, protect the intestinal mucosal barrier and enhance the motility of the gastrointestinal tract
.
Short-chain fatty acids can also diffuse into the blood circulation and act on distant organs/tissues/cells
.


　　Short-chain fatty acids can provide various physiological benefits:

　　systemic anti-inflammatory effects
.


　　Promote browning of white adipose tissue, which makes it easier to generate heat or release energy
.


　　It promotes bone formation by regulating the activity of bone cell precursors and the production of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) in the liver
.


　　Promote the growth of short-chain fatty acid-loving microorganisms in the skin flora and lung flora, and support their symbiotic relationship
.


…

　　The intestinal microbes in the symbiotic state can also synthesize various vitamins, such as vitamin B1, pantothenic acid, niacin, vitamin K2, and vitamin B12, etc.
, which are necessary for enzyme cofactors in the host’s basic biochemical reactions, including DNA replication , cell proliferation and energy production and the like
.


　　Lactobacillus and bifidobacteria in the intestine can produce various brain neurobiochemical substances, including serotonin, dopamine, gamma-aminobutyric acid, glutamic acid and so on
.
In fact, 90% of serotonin and 50% of dopamine in the human body are produced in the intestine
.
The vagus nerve may be the conduit through which these microbial neurobiochemical substances communicate with the brain
.
Since intestinal microbes synthesize a large amount of neurobiochemical substances in the brain, the loss of this symbiotic relationship will adversely affect the brain
.
The manipulation of the intestinal flora can easily change the brain's neural circuits and lead to changes in the behavior of mice
.
This phenomenon is beginning to be confirmed in humans more and more, and more and more studies have confirmed that the imbalance of intestinal flora is related to a large number of brain diseases
.


　　Bacterial imbalance

　　When the intestinal flora deviates from the normal, the intestinal flora imbalance will occur, the number of "bad" microorganisms and their harmful metabolites is too much, even more than the "good" microorganisms
.
Common causes of intestinal flora imbalance include antibiotics, poor diet, lack of sleep, psychological stress, and original health conditions
.


　　Imbalance of the intestinal flora means loss of symbiosis
.
The production of intestinal microbial symbiotic metabolites will drop sharply, such as short-chain fatty acids and brain neurobiochemical substances, and the various physiological benefits they bring to us will gradually be lost until the intestinal flora imbalance is restored
.


　　Imbalance of the intestinal flora can also cause local inflammation, destroy the inner wall of the intestine, and cause intestinal leakage
.
This allows bacteria and their endotoxins to be transferred from the intestine to the blood circulation, causing low-grade, continuous systemic inflammation in the host
.
Therefore, the imbalance of the intestinal flora may trigger or exacerbate the existing inflammatory conditions and increase the risk of disease
.
Systemic inflammation will further aggravate the damage of the intestinal lining, and a vicious circle will inevitably follow
.


　　With the excessive increase in the number of "bad" microorganisms in the intestine, the synthesis of harmful microbial metabolites is abnormal, which also increases the risk of disease
.
For example, the dysregulated intestinal flora may produce excessive trimethylamine (TMA) from dietary choline and carnitine through the portal vein and enter the liver, where it is converted into trimethylamine oxide (TMAO)
.
Excessive trimethylamine oxide is toxic to the liver, heart and kidneys, especially the heart, because trimethylamine oxide has been proven to be a risk factor for cardiovascular disease
.


　　Another example is free phenol and p-cresol, which are usually produced by Clostridium bacteria in the intestines.
They can accumulate in the skin and disrupt the epidermal barrier and differentiation
.
Other metabolites of Clostridium include 4-cresol and 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, which can inhibit dopamine-β-hydroxylase, which converts dopamine into norepinephrine in the brain
.
The accumulation of free phenol and p-cresol will lead to the accumulation of excessive dopamine, which is toxic to neurons
.
These harmful gut microbial metabolites usually do not cause any complications at low doses, but in the process of intestinal flora imbalance, they accumulate in large quantities and the story will change
.


　　In general, when the intestinal flora is imbalanced, the following will also occur:

　　the production of intestinal microbial metabolites related to the symbiotic state is reduced
.


　　Bacteria and their endotoxins are excessively transported from the intestine into the blood circulation
.


　　Excessive production of harmful microbial metabolites in the gut
.


　　Because of this, it is not surprising that intestinal flora disorders have been found to cause dysfunction and diseases of various organs/tissues in the body:

　　brain: depression, memory impairment, anorexia, addiction, Parkinson's disease , Alzheimer's disease, autism and schizophrenia (gut-brain axis)

　　liver: alcoholic fatty liver, non-alcoholic fatty liver, cirrhosis, liver cancer (gut-liver axis)

　　Adipose tissue: obesity, non-alcoholic fatty liver (intestine-fatty tissue axis)

　　Heart: atherosclerosis, heart failure, atrial fibrillation, etc.
(intestine-mandrel axis)

　　Skin: acne, atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, rosacea, etc.
(Intestine-cutaneous axis)

　　Bone: Osteoporosis (intestine-bone axis)

　　Lung: allergy, asthma, cystic fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (intestine-pulmonary axis)

　　Thyroid: autoimmune thyroiditis (intestine-thyroid axis) )
　　Pancreas: Type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer (intestine-pancreatic axis)

　　Kidney: chronic kidney disease, diabetic nephropathy (intestine-renal axis)

　　Eyes: autoimmune uveitis, age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma , Sjogren’s syndrome (gut-eye axis)

　　intestine: Irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, celiac disease, colorectal cancer, etc.


　　More and more studies have proved the relationship between the above diseases and the imbalance of intestinal flora Relevance, however, whether the imbalance of the intestinal flora is the cause of the disease or the result of the disease has been controversial
.
Fecal bacteria transplantation studies have proved the important role of intestinal flora imbalance in promoting the occurrence of diseases
.
When the gut microbes of obese people are transplanted into the intestines of sterile mice, the mice will be obese, which confirms the causality to a certain extent
.
Obesity is just an example.
Similar research results have been observed in depression, Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, autism, irritable bowel syndrome, colon cancer and other diseases
.


　　All in all, our human body is a "super organism" coexisting with trillions of bacteria.
In fact, only 10% of us are humans, and the other 90% are bacteria.
They are also indispensable for our normal physiological functions
.
Modern medicine only pays attention to 10% of the body’s own cells, while ignoring 90% of the bacteria, and even continuously destroying them.
It is only natural that the incidence of chronic diseases is increasing.

.
In the prevention and treatment of diseases, if the 90% of bacteria are not considered, they will inevitably return without success
.


　　Hippocrates, the father of medicine, said as early as 2000 years ago that "all diseases begin in the intestines.
" Mechnikov, the father of probiotics, also proposed in the early 20th century that "when the'good' bacteria in the intestine cannot be controlled, the bad 'Most diseases can happen when bacteria are present
.
' From Hippocrates to Mechnikov to today, I believe many people no longer deny that the gut microbe-host symbiosis ecosystem is the cornerstone of health
.
Deciphering how this ecosystem works can revolutionize healthcare and how we prevent or treat diseases
.

---

　　Our bodies carry trillions of microbes, the number of which far exceeds the number of human cells, and the genes encoded by them are 150 times that of the human genome.
These microbes are mutually beneficial and coexist in harmony with us
.
In 2015, the evolutionary biologist Bordenstein of Vanderbilt University in the United States and his colleagues published a paper in the journal PLos Biology and proposed that the definition of "I" should be expanded and microorganisms should be included
.
"I" should include the microorganisms in and on the body.
We are not just human beings, but a "super symbiotic organism" (holobionts)
.


　　These microorganisms live in our skin, mouth, and respiratory tract, mainly in our intestines
.
In the early 20th century, when Mechnikov was studying the problem of human longevity, he found that the human large intestine is very suitable for the survival of spoilage bacteria, and these bacteria are extremely harmful to the human body, which is the cause of premature aging and life loss
.
When he conducted a survey in Bulgaria, he found that out of every 1,000 people who died in this country, 4 were long-lived people over a hundred years old.
All these elderly people loved to drink yogurt before they were alive
.
Mechnikov concluded that these elderly people were the result of drinking yogurt.
After testing the yogurt, he found that the yogurt contains a bacillus that can effectively eliminate spoilage bacteria in the large intestine, and named it "Lactobacillus bulgaricus.
" "In his "Longevity Theory", he pointed out that "Lactobacillus bulgaricus" can effectively inhibit the growth of spoilage bacteria in the human gastrointestinal tract, and absorb food residues in the intestinal tract, reducing the poisoning of harmful bacteria in the intestine to the entire body
.


　　However, it was not until 100 years later that the research on intestinal flora flourished and was overwhelming
.
More and more studies have found that intestinal microbes and their metabolites directly or indirectly affect the human body's nutrient processing, digestion and absorption, energy balance, immune function, gastrointestinal development and maturity, and many other important physiological activities
.
The health of the intestines and intestinal flora is a key factor in determining overall physical and mental health.
The destruction of the intestinal flora may affect every organ of the body
.
More and more studies have also intertwined the intestinal flora and the various organs of the host.
It has been determined that the microbe-gut-brain axis, the intestine-liver axis, the intestine-fatty tissue axis, the intestine-mandrel axis, and the intestine -Skin axis, gut-bone axis, gut-lung axis, gut-thyroid axis, gut-pancreas axis, gut-kidney axis and gut-eye axis
.
They are setting off a new healthcare revolution
.


　　Symbiotic relationship

　　A symbiotic intestinal tract is composed of a naturally balanced microbial community.
The number of "good" microbes far exceeds the number of "bad" microbes and controls their growth and reproduction
.


　　The symbiotic intestinal flora will ferment undigested carbohydrates and dietary fiber to produce short-chain fatty acids.
Among them, the most abundant short-chain fatty acids are acetic acid, propionic acid and butyric acid
.
Short-chain fatty acids can act as special nutrients and energy components of the intestinal epithelium, protect the intestinal mucosal barrier and enhance the motility of the gastrointestinal tract
.
Short-chain fatty acids can also diffuse into the blood circulation and act on distant organs/tissues/cells
.


　　Short-chain fatty acids can provide various physiological benefits:

　　systemic anti-inflammatory effects
.


　　Promote browning of white adipose tissue, which makes it easier to generate heat or release energy
.


　　It promotes bone formation by regulating the activity of bone cell precursors and the production of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) in the liver
.


　　Promote the growth of short-chain fatty acid-loving microorganisms in the skin flora and lung flora, and support their symbiotic relationship
.


…

　　The intestinal microbes in the symbiotic state can also synthesize various vitamins, such as vitamin B1, pantothenic acid, niacin, vitamin K2, and vitamin B12, etc.
, which are necessary for enzyme cofactors in the host’s basic biochemical reactions, including DNA replication , cell proliferation and energy production and the like
.


　　Lactobacillus and bifidobacteria in the intestine can produce various brain neurobiochemical substances, including serotonin, dopamine, gamma-aminobutyric acid, glutamic acid and so on
.
In fact, 90% of serotonin and 50% of dopamine in the human body are produced in the intestine
.
The vagus nerve may be the conduit through which these microbial neurobiochemical substances communicate with the brain
.
Since intestinal microbes synthesize a large amount of neurobiochemical substances in the brain, the loss of this symbiotic relationship will adversely affect the brain
.
The manipulation of the intestinal flora can easily change the brain's neural circuits and lead to changes in the behavior of mice
.
This phenomenon is beginning to be confirmed in humans more and more, and more and more studies have confirmed that the imbalance of intestinal flora is related to a large number of brain diseases
.


　　Bacterial imbalance

　　When the intestinal flora deviates from the normal, the intestinal flora imbalance will occur, the number of "bad" microorganisms and their harmful metabolites is too much, even more than the "good" microorganisms
.
Common causes of intestinal flora imbalance include antibiotics, poor diet, lack of sleep, psychological stress, and original health conditions
.


　　Imbalance of the intestinal flora means loss of symbiosis
.
The production of intestinal microbial symbiotic metabolites will drop sharply, such as short-chain fatty acids and brain neurobiochemical substances, and the various physiological benefits they bring to us will gradually be lost until the intestinal flora imbalance is restored
.


　　Imbalance of the intestinal flora can also cause local inflammation, destroy the inner wall of the intestine, and cause intestinal leakage
.
This allows bacteria and their endotoxins to be transferred from the intestine to the blood circulation, causing low-grade, continuous systemic inflammation in the host
.
Therefore, the imbalance of the intestinal flora may trigger or exacerbate the existing inflammatory conditions and increase the risk of disease
.
Systemic inflammation will further aggravate the damage of the intestinal lining, and a vicious circle will inevitably follow
.


　　With the excessive increase in the number of "bad" microorganisms in the intestine, the synthesis of harmful microbial metabolites is abnormal, which also increases the risk of disease
.
For example, the dysregulated intestinal flora may produce excessive trimethylamine (TMA) from dietary choline and carnitine through the portal vein and enter the liver, where it is converted into trimethylamine oxide (TMAO)
.
Excessive trimethylamine oxide is toxic to the liver, heart and kidneys, especially the heart, because trimethylamine oxide has been proven to be a risk factor for cardiovascular disease
.


　　Another example is free phenol and p-cresol, which are usually produced by Clostridium bacteria in the intestines.
They can accumulate in the skin and disrupt the epidermal barrier and differentiation
.
Other metabolites of Clostridium include 4-cresol and 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, which can inhibit dopamine-β-hydroxylase, which converts dopamine into norepinephrine in the brain
.
The accumulation of free phenol and p-cresol will lead to the accumulation of excessive dopamine, which is toxic to neurons
.
These harmful gut microbial metabolites usually do not cause any complications at low doses, but in the process of intestinal flora imbalance, they accumulate in large quantities and the story will change
.


　　In general, when the intestinal flora is imbalanced, the following will also occur:

　　the production of intestinal microbial metabolites related to the symbiotic state is reduced
.


　　Bacteria and their endotoxins are excessively transported from the intestine into the blood circulation
.


　　Excessive production of harmful microbial metabolites in the gut
.


　　Because of this, it is not surprising that intestinal flora disorders have been found to cause dysfunction and diseases of various organs/tissues in the body:

　　brain: depression, memory impairment, anorexia, addiction, Parkinson's disease , Alzheimer's disease, autism and schizophrenia (gut-brain axis)

　　liver: alcoholic fatty liver, non-alcoholic fatty liver, cirrhosis, liver cancer (gut-liver axis)

　　Adipose tissue: obesity, non-alcoholic fatty liver (intestine-fatty tissue axis)

　　Heart: atherosclerosis, heart failure, atrial fibrillation, etc.
(intestine-mandrel axis)

　　Skin: acne, atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, rosacea, etc.
(Intestine-cutaneous axis)

　　Bone: Osteoporosis (intestine-bone axis)

　　Lung: allergy, asthma, cystic fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (intestine-pulmonary axis)

　　Thyroid: autoimmune thyroiditis (intestine-thyroid axis) )
　　Pancreas: Type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer (intestine-pancreatic axis)

　　Kidney: chronic kidney disease, diabetic nephropathy (intestine-renal axis)

　　Eyes: autoimmune uveitis, age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma , Sjogren’s syndrome (gut-eye axis)

　　intestine: Irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, celiac disease, colorectal cancer, etc.


　　More and more studies have proved the relationship between the above diseases and the imbalance of intestinal flora Relevance, however, whether the imbalance of the intestinal flora is the cause of the disease or the result of the disease has been controversial
.
Fecal bacteria transplantation studies have proved the important role of intestinal flora imbalance in promoting the occurrence of diseases
.
When the gut microbes of obese people are transplanted into the intestines of sterile mice, the mice will be obese, which confirms the causality to a certain extent
.
Obesity is just an example.
Similar research results have been observed in depression, Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, autism, irritable bowel syndrome, colon cancer and other diseases
.


　　All in all, our human body is a "super organism" coexisting with trillions of bacteria.
In fact, only 10% of us are humans, and the other 90% are bacteria.
They are also indispensable for our normal physiological functions
.
Modern medicine only pays attention to 10% of the body’s own cells, while ignoring 90% of the bacteria, and even continuously destroying them.
It is only natural that the incidence of chronic diseases is increasing.

.
In the prevention and treatment of diseases, if the 90% of bacteria are not considered, they will inevitably return without success
.


　　Hippocrates, the father of medicine, said as early as 2000 years ago that "all diseases begin in the intestines.
" Mechnikov, the father of probiotics, also proposed in the early 20th century that "when the'good' bacteria in the intestine cannot be controlled, the bad 'Most diseases can happen when bacteria are present
.
' From Hippocrates to Mechnikov to today, I believe many people no longer deny that the gut microbe-host symbiosis ecosystem is the cornerstone of health
.
Deciphering how this ecosystem works can revolutionize healthcare and how we prevent or treat diseases
.

---

　　Our bodies carry trillions of microbes, the number of which far exceeds the number of human cells, and the genes encoded by them are 150 times that of the human genome.
These microbes are mutually beneficial and coexist in harmony with us
.
In 2015, the evolutionary biologist Bordenstein of Vanderbilt University in the United States and his colleagues published a paper in the journal PLos Biology and proposed that the definition of "I" should be expanded and microorganisms should be included
.
"I" should include the microorganisms in and on the body.
We are not just human beings, but a "super symbiotic organism" (holobionts)
.


　　These microorganisms live in our skin, mouth, and respiratory tract, mainly in our intestines
.
In the early 20th century, when Mechnikov was studying the problem of human longevity, he found that the human large intestine is very suitable for the survival of spoilage bacteria, and these bacteria are extremely harmful to the human body, which is the cause of premature aging and life loss
.
When he conducted a survey in Bulgaria, he found that out of every 1,000 people who died in this country, 4 were long-lived people over a hundred years old.
All these elderly people loved to drink yogurt before they were alive
.
Mechnikov concluded that these elderly people were the result of drinking yogurt.
After testing the yogurt, he found that the yogurt contains a bacillus that can effectively eliminate spoilage bacteria in the large intestine, and named it "Lactobacillus bulgaricus.
" "In his "Longevity Theory", he pointed out that "Lactobacillus bulgaricus" can effectively inhibit the growth of spoilage bacteria in the human gastrointestinal tract, and absorb food residues in the intestinal tract, reducing the poisoning of harmful bacteria in the intestine to the entire body
.


　　However, it was not until 100 years later that the research on intestinal flora flourished and was overwhelming
.
More and more studies have found that intestinal microbes and their metabolites directly or indirectly affect the human body's nutrient processing, digestion and absorption, energy balance, immune function, gastrointestinal development and maturity, and many other important physiological activities
.
The health of the intestines and intestinal flora is a key factor in determining overall physical and mental health.
The destruction of the intestinal flora may affect every organ of the body
.
More and more studies have also intertwined the intestinal flora and the various organs of the host.
It has been determined that the microbe-gut-brain axis, the intestine-liver axis, the intestine-fatty tissue axis, the intestine-mandrel axis, and the intestine -Skin axis, gut-bone axis, gut-lung axis, gut-thyroid axis, gut-pancreas axis, gut-kidney axis and gut-eye axis
.
They are setting off a new healthcare revolution
.


　　Symbiotic relationship

　　A symbiotic intestinal tract is composed of a naturally balanced microbial community.
The number of "good" microbes far exceeds the number of "bad" microbes and controls their growth and reproduction
.


　　The symbiotic intestinal flora will ferment undigested carbohydrates and dietary fiber to produce short-chain fatty acids.
Among them, the most abundant short-chain fatty acids are acetic acid, propionic acid and butyric acid
.
Short-chain fatty acids can act as special nutrients and energy components of the intestinal epithelium, protect the intestinal mucosal barrier and enhance the motility of the gastrointestinal tract
.
Short-chain fatty acids can also diffuse into the blood circulation and act on distant organs/tissues/cells
.


　　Short-chain fatty acids can provide various physiological benefits:

　　systemic anti-inflammatory effects
.


　　Promote browning of white adipose tissue, which makes it easier to generate heat or release energy
.


　　It promotes bone formation by regulating the activity of bone cell precursors and the production of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) in the liver
.


　　Promote the growth of short-chain fatty acid-loving microorganisms in the skin flora and lung flora, and support their symbiotic relationship
.


…

　　The intestinal microbes in the symbiotic state can also synthesize various vitamins, such as vitamin B1, pantothenic acid, niacin, vitamin K2, and vitamin B12, etc.
, which are necessary for enzyme cofactors in the host’s basic biochemical reactions, including DNA replication , cell proliferation and energy production and the like
.


　　Lactobacillus and bifidobacteria in the intestine can produce various brain neurobiochemical substances, including serotonin, dopamine, gamma-aminobutyric acid, glutamic acid and so on
.
In fact, 90% of serotonin and 50% of dopamine in the human body are produced in the intestine
.
The vagus nerve may be the conduit through which these microbial neurobiochemical substances communicate with the brain
.
Since intestinal microbes synthesize a large amount of neurobiochemical substances in the brain, the loss of this symbiotic relationship will adversely affect the brain
.
The manipulation of the intestinal flora can easily change the brain's neural circuits and lead to changes in the behavior of mice
.
This phenomenon is beginning to be confirmed in humans more and more, and more and more studies have confirmed that the imbalance of intestinal flora is related to a large number of brain diseases
.


　　Bacterial imbalance

　　When the intestinal flora deviates from the normal, the intestinal flora imbalance will occur, the number of "bad" microorganisms and their harmful metabolites is too much, even more than the "good" microorganisms
.
Common causes of intestinal flora imbalance include antibiotics, poor diet, lack of sleep, psychological stress, and original health conditions
.


　　Imbalance of the intestinal flora means loss of symbiosis
.
The production of intestinal microbial symbiotic metabolites will drop sharply, such as short-chain fatty acids and brain neurobiochemical substances, and the various physiological benefits they bring to us will gradually be lost until the intestinal flora imbalance is restored
.


　　Imbalance of the intestinal flora can also cause local inflammation, destroy the inner wall of the intestine, and cause intestinal leakage
.
This allows bacteria and their endotoxins to be transferred from the intestine to the blood circulation, causing low-grade, continuous systemic inflammation in the host
.
Therefore, the imbalance of the intestinal flora may trigger or exacerbate the existing inflammatory conditions and increase the risk of disease
.
Systemic inflammation will further aggravate the damage of the intestinal lining, and a vicious circle will inevitably follow
.


　　With the excessive increase in the number of "bad" microorganisms in the intestine, the synthesis of harmful microbial metabolites is abnormal, which also increases the risk of disease
.
For example, the dysregulated intestinal flora may produce excessive trimethylamine (TMA) from dietary choline and carnitine through the portal vein and enter the liver, where it is converted into trimethylamine oxide (TMAO)
.
Excessive trimethylamine oxide is toxic to the liver, heart and kidneys, especially the heart, because trimethylamine oxide has been proven to be a risk factor for cardiovascular disease
.


　　Another example is free phenol and p-cresol, which are usually produced by Clostridium bacteria in the intestines.
They can accumulate in the skin and disrupt the epidermal barrier and differentiation
.
Other metabolites of Clostridium include 4-cresol and 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, which can inhibit dopamine-β-hydroxylase, which converts dopamine into norepinephrine in the brain
.
The accumulation of free phenol and p-cresol will lead to the accumulation of excessive dopamine, which is toxic to neurons
.
These harmful gut microbial metabolites usually do not cause any complications at low doses, but in the process of intestinal flora imbalance, they accumulate in large quantities and the story will change
.


　　In general, when the intestinal flora is imbalanced, the following will also occur:

　　the production of intestinal microbial metabolites related to the symbiotic state is reduced
.


　　Bacteria and their endotoxins are excessively transported from the intestine into the blood circulation
.


　　Excessive production of harmful microbial metabolites in the gut
.


　　Because of this, it is not surprising that intestinal flora disorders have been found to cause dysfunction and diseases of various organs/tissues in the body:

　　brain: depression, memory impairment, anorexia, addiction, Parkinson's disease , Alzheimer's disease, autism and schizophrenia (gut-brain axis)

　　liver: alcoholic fatty liver, non-alcoholic fatty liver, cirrhosis, liver cancer (gut-liver axis)

　　Adipose tissue: obesity, non-alcoholic fatty liver (intestine-fatty tissue axis)

　　Heart: atherosclerosis, heart failure, atrial fibrillation, etc.
(intestine-mandrel axis)

　　Skin: acne, atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, rosacea, etc.
(Intestine-cutaneous axis)

　　Bone: Osteoporosis (intestine-bone axis)

　　Lung: allergy, asthma, cystic fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (intestine-pulmonary axis)

　　Thyroid: autoimmune thyroiditis (intestine-thyroid axis) )
　　Pancreas: Type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer (intestine-pancreatic axis)

　　Kidney: chronic kidney disease, diabetic nephropathy (intestine-renal axis)

　　Eyes: autoimmune uveitis, age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma , Sjogren’s syndrome (gut-eye axis)

　　intestine: Irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, celiac disease, colorectal cancer, etc.


　　More and more studies have proved the relationship between the above diseases and the imbalance of intestinal flora Relevance, however, whether the imbalance of the intestinal flora is the cause of the disease or the result of the disease has been controversial
.
Fecal bacteria transplantation studies have proved the important role of intestinal flora imbalance in promoting the occurrence of diseases
.
When the gut microbes of obese people are transplanted into the intestines of sterile mice, the mice will be obese, which confirms the causality to a certain extent
.
Obesity is just an example.
Similar research results have been observed in depression, Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, autism, irritable bowel syndrome, colon cancer and other diseases
.


　　All in all, our human body is a "super organism" coexisting with trillions of bacteria.
In fact, only 10% of us are humans, and the other 90% are bacteria.
They are also indispensable for our normal physiological functions
.
Modern medicine only pays attention to 10% of the body’s own cells, while ignoring 90% of the bacteria, and even continuously destroying them.
It is only natural that the incidence of chronic diseases is increasing.

.
In the prevention and treatment of diseases, if the 90% of bacteria are not considered, they will inevitably return without success
.


　　Hippocrates, the father of medicine, said as early as 2000 years ago that "all diseases begin in the intestines.
" Mechnikov, the father of probiotics, also proposed in the early 20th century that "when the'good' bacteria in the intestine cannot be controlled, the bad 'Most diseases can happen when bacteria are present
.
' From Hippocrates to Mechnikov to today, I believe many people no longer deny that the gut microbe-host symbiosis ecosystem is the cornerstone of health
.
Deciphering how this ecosystem works can revolutionize healthcare and how we prevent or treat diseases
.

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