Factors affecting the action of enzymes

the effect of feed processing process on the forage enzymet3Jin the processing of grain feed, through the combination of high temperature, high humidity and extrusion, so that the enzyme activity is affectedOn the one hand, high temperature can speed up the reaction speed, on the other hand, it can also cause some hydrophobic bonds in the enzyme protein molecules to break, change the molecular composition, so that the enzyme loss of activityFor example, neutral protease, at 60 degrees C or more to maintain 10min, the loss of activity up to 100%Zhu Jianjin et al(2000) studied the loss of acid protease and pectinase activity during the granulation process of different modulation times (20s, 30s and 40s), and the results were: after granulation, the activity of acid protease was 86.1%, 82.1% and 72.1%, respectively, and the activity of pectinase was 91.4%, 90.9% and 84.7%, respectivelyHigh humidity can increase the moisture activity in the sample, and there is a significant inactivationAnd in the case of high water activity, the stability of the enzyme molecule is much worse than in dry conditions, and the squeeze tends to change the spatial multidimensional structure of the enzyme protein and denature it, affecting the enzyme activityt3J
The effect of pH on enzyme activity in the digestive tract oft3Jthe conditions of the feeding enzyme must be adapted to the physiological conditions of the digestive tract of the animals and poultry, and the activity of the enzyme has the most suitable pH rangeThe normal temperature of the digestive tract of pigs and poultry is about 40 degrees C, the stomach pH 1.5 to 3.5, the small intestine pH5 to 7, the large intestine pH neutralUsually the best conditions of the fungus or mold enzyme pH3 to 6, bacterial enzyme pH5 to 8, mold phytic acid asse pH2.5 to 5.5In the digestive tract of livestock and poultry, all the large nutrients are hydrolyzed into small molecules and absorbedThe catalysis of exogenous enzymes also has a range of effects, such as gastric proteases that inactivate quickly at pH6 to 7, but are stable at pH 1An enzyme can not simultaneously adapt to a wide range of pH changes, in order to add exogenous enzymes in the wet feeding process all play a role, then take protective measures, so that a class or a certain enzyme in the complex enzyme system to tolerate the acidic environment and achieve the desired action point, to ensure that the enzyme in various parts of the digestive tractFor example, for weaned piglets, due to insufficient secretion of digestive tract enzymes, a large number of nutrients accumulated in the rectum easily cause the reproduction of pathogenic bacteria, the formation of nutritional dysenteryTherefore, the ideal compound enzyme system, on the one hand, can help piglets in the front end of the digestive tract to digest and absorb nutrients, on the other hand, can make some enzymes to the rectum to reduce the accumulation of nutrients, reduce the occurrence of such diseasest3J
Effects of substrate concentration and preservation time on enzyme activitythe concentration of t3Jenzymes exerting maximum vitality on the substrate was related to the concentration of the substrateTherefore, the best addition quantity must be selected by experiment and advanced methods at home and abroad, so as to give full play to its efficiencyToo much or insufficient enzymes are not only unhelpful, but also cause side effectsEnzymes preserved under cool, dry natural conditions gradually lose their vitality over timeAccording to Lu Xingmin (1996), the fungal enzyme preparationwased under natural conditions, and the activity of intersex protein enzyme was measured 1 time at 1 month, 3 months, 6 months, 9 months and 12 months respectively, with the activity of 2605.6 respectivelyu/g, 2512.2u/g, 2433.4u/g, 2150.7u/g, 1880.1u/g (original activity is 2688u/g)t3J
　　The effect of animal species and age on the effect of enzyme use t3J different species and different production uses of animals, because the digestion rate of feed is different, so the reaction to the same enzyme agent is different, the production effect is different Phytic enzyme is better than broiler diet in egg and chicken diet The results of the phosphorus digestion test and the long-term feeding test showed that the addition of 300 units of phytoase per kilogram of egg and chicken diet, phosphorus (whether total phosphorus or non-phytate phosphorus) should be reduced by 0.1% (Chi Jianping, 1996) BASF in Germany summarized the recommended amount of phytoase used in poultry, laying eggs in chickens 300 units/kg and other chickens 600 units/kg In addition, the age stage of animals is different, the types and number seofa of endogenous enzymes are different, and the effect of enzyme preparation is the effect of acting with endogenous enzymes on substrates Young animals because of the low content of amylase and protease in digestion, so the appropriate addition of these kinds of enzyme preparations can help digestion, promote growth, achieve the effect of application, and add lipase preparations, because the content of lipase in the digestive tract of young animals is appropriate, so the effect is not obvious; t3J
　　The effect of feed composition on the added effect of enzyme preparation
t3J feed there are some inhibitors of the forage formulation, they hinder the action of enzyme preparations, these substances are inorganic and organic two major categories, organic matter such as plant coagulin, NSP and other macromolecule organic compounds, they through binding with enzyme syntledments and other ways to reduce their activity, reduce the use of enzyme sefactory effect Inorganic metal ions such as Cu2 plus, Hg2 plus, Ag plus, Fe2 plus, Al3 plus have different degrees of inhibition of the effect of some enzyme syntled agents, thus interfering with their application effect However, some components such as Zn2 plus, Ca2 plus, Mg2 plus have an activation effect on the enzyme preparation, thus enhancing the application effect of the enzyme preparation The effect of the application of the feeding enzyme is also related to the composition of the substrate concentration t3J
The effect of feed processing on the feeding enzyme preparation t3J in the processing of grain feed, through the combination of high temperature, high humidity and extrusion, so that the enzyme activity is affected On the one hand, high temperature can speed up the reaction speed, on the other hand, it can also cause some hydrophobic bonds in the enzyme protein molecules to break, change the molecular composition, so that the enzyme loss of activity For example, neutral protease, at 60 degrees C or more to maintain 10min, the loss of activity up to 100% Zhu Jianjin et al (2000) studied the loss of acid protease and pectinase activity during the granulation process of different modulation times (20s, 30s and 40s), and the results were: after granulation, the activity of acid protease was 86.1%, 82.1% and 72.1%, respectively, and the activity of pectinase was 91.4%, 90.9% and 84.7%, respectively High humidity can increase the moisture activity in the sample, and there is a significant inactivation And in the case of high water activity, the stability of the enzyme molecule is much worse than in dry conditions, and the squeeze tends to change the spatial multidimensional structure of the enzyme protein and denature it, affecting the enzyme activity t3J
　　The effect of pH on enzyme activity in the digestive tract of t3J the conditions of the feeding enzyme must be adapted to the physiological conditions of the digestive tract of the animals and poultry, and the activity of the enzyme has the most suitable pH range The normal temperature of the digestive tract of pigs and poultry is about 40 degrees C, the stomach pH 1.5 to 3.5, the small intestine pH5 to 7, the large intestine pH neutral Usually the best conditions of the fungus or mold enzyme pH3 to 6, bacterial enzyme pH5 to 8, mold phytic acid asse pH2.5 to 5.5 In the digestive tract of livestock and poultry, all the large nutrients are hydrolyzed into small molecules and absorbed The catalysis of exogenous enzymes also has a range of effects, such as gastric proteases that inactivate quickly at pH6 to 7, but are stable at pH 1 An enzyme can not simultaneously adapt to a wide range of pH changes, in order to add exogenous enzymes in the wet feeding process all play a role, then take protective measures, so that a class or a certain enzyme in the complex enzyme system to tolerate the acidic environment and achieve the desired action point, to ensure that the enzyme in various parts of the digestive tract For example, for weaned piglets, due to insufficient secretion of digestive tract enzymes, a large number of nutrients accumulated in the rectum easily cause the reproduction of pathogenic bacteria, the formation of nutritional dysentery Therefore, the ideal compound enzyme system, on the one hand, can help piglets in the front end of the digestive tract to digest and absorb nutrients, on the other hand, can make some enzymes to the rectum to reduce the accumulation of nutrients, reduce the occurrence of such diseases t3J
　　Effects of substrate concentration and preservation time on enzyme activity the concentration of t3J enzymes exerting maximum vitality on the substrate was related to the concentration of the substrate Therefore, the best addition quantity must be selected by experiment and advanced methods at home and abroad, so as to give full play to its efficiency Too much or insufficient enzymes are not only unhelpful, but also cause side effects Enzymes preserved under cool, dry natural conditions gradually lose their vitality over time According to Lu Xingmin (1996), the fungal enzyme preparationwased under natural conditions, and the activity of intersex protein enzyme was measured 1 time at 1 month, 3 months, 6 months, 9 months and 12 months respectively, with the activity of 2605.6 respectively u/g, 2512.2u/g, 2433.4u/g, 2150.7u/g, 1880.1u/g (original activity is 2688u/g) t3J
　　The effect of animal species and age on the effect of enzyme use t3J different species and different production uses of animals, because the digestion rate of feed is different, so the reaction to the same enzyme agent is different, the production effect is different Phytic enzyme is better than broiler diet in egg and chicken diet The results of the phosphorus digestion test and the long-term feeding test showed that the addition of 300 units of phytoase per kilogram of egg and chicken diet, phosphorus (whether total phosphorus or non-phytate phosphorus) should be reduced by 0.1% (Chi Jianping, 1996) BASF in Germany summarized the recommended amount of phytoase used in poultry, laying eggs in chickens 300 units/kg and other chickens 600 units/kg In addition, the age stage of animals is different, the types and number seofa of endogenous enzymes are different, and the effect of enzyme preparation is the effect of acting with endogenous enzymes on substrates Young animals because of the low content of amylase and protease in digestion, so the appropriate addition of these kinds of enzyme preparations can help digestion, promote growth, achieve the effect of application, and add lipase preparations, because the content of lipase in the digestive tract of young animals is appropriate, so the effect is not obvious; t3J
　　The effect of feed composition on the added effect of enzyme preparation
t3J feed there are some inhibitors of the forage formulation, they hinder the action of enzyme preparations, these substances are inorganic and organic two major categories, organic matter such as plant coagulin, NSP and other macromolecule organic compounds, they through binding with enzyme syntledments and other ways to reduce their activity, reduce the use of enzyme sefactory effect Inorganic metal ions such as Cu2 plus, Hg2 plus, Ag plus, Fe2 plus, Al3 plus have different degrees of inhibition of the effect of some enzyme syntled agents, thus interfering with their application effect However, some components such as Zn2 plus, Ca2 plus, Mg2 plus have an activation effect on the enzyme preparation, thus enhancing the application effect of the enzyme preparation The effect of the application of the feeding enzyme is also related to the composition of the substrate concentration t3J
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