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In the past ten years, especially after the establishment of the Human Microbiome Project, significant progress has been made in understanding the importance of intestinal flora for the maintenance of human health.
There is more and more evidence that the intestinal flora is involved in pathogenesis and disease development, and it continues to reveal its potential as a disease mechanism, prevention and treatment target.
More and more studies have shown that gut microbes are an important factor in many diseases.
The intestinal flora contains a variety of components, and its complex characteristics are determined by both external and internal factors.
Therefore, people are more and more interested in understanding the factors that affect its composition.
Although a lot of effort has been invested so far, it is still difficult to assess the degree of host genetic influence on the intestinal flora.
In September 2020, the team of Professor Fuad A.
Iraqi from Tel Aviv University in Israel published a review article titled "Impact of host genetics on gut microbiome: Take-home lessons from human and mouse studies" in the journal Animal Models and Experimental Medicine.
This article reviews the possible effects of host genetics on the gut microbiota from different perspectives, and provides the latest assessment of the role of host genetics in the composition of the gut microbiota, so as to enhance readers' understanding of the host genetics underlying the variation of intestinal microbes.
At present, the typical method to characterize gut microbes is to use 16S rRNA gene sequencing, shotgun method or high-throughput genome sequencing technology.
Using these molecular genetic sequencing technologies, different microorganisms can be identified and quantified in a given biological sample.
Although research results have shown that environmental factors such as diet and lifestyle affect the composition of the intestinal flora, the role of host genetics is still unclear.
Typical methods for characterizing gut microbes.
Comparing the differences between single egg twins (MZ) and double egg twins (DZ) is a basic method to study whether the host genetic variation is related to the genetic variation of the intestinal flora.
It can be investigated and evaluated to determine the intestinal tract The role of the genetic background of the flora characteristics.
Previous twin studies have shown that the overall composition of the gut flora and many individual gut microbes are heritable.
Although the heritability of the same genetic group identified by various studies varies, these results may be caused by differences in sample size and analysis methods.
These research characteristics are very important for host genetic significance, especially in twin studies of intestinal flora.
In addition, some non-twin studies have shown that there is significant flora similarity between unrelated individuals living at the same time, but this similarity is not observed between family members living in different lives.
These results indicate that the intestinal flora is mainly affected by environmental factors, and the host genetic part affects the composition of the intestinal flora.
The microbial similarity of single-egg twins and the genetic diversity of double-egg twins.
One of the main methods to study the connection between the gut microbiota and the host genome is the microbial whole genome association study (mGWAS), which is human genotyping or whole genome sequencing Research methods combined with microbiome analysis (16S rRNA or metagenomics sequencing).
The high complexity of the structure of the intestinal flora and the strong environmental impact may cause differences between recent research results.
However, there is an exception in these studies.
The significant association between the lactase (LCT) gene and the relative abundance of bifidobacteria also indicates that the more association between the intestinal flora and host genes may be through observation of genetics and The comprehensive impact of the environment is discovered, rather than discussing their impact separately.
In human studies, because the wide-ranging environmental differences between participants cannot be fully controlled, a large number of researchers are needed to reveal the genetic effects on the intestinal flora.
But animal studies can minimize this difference by placing all mice in the same environmental conditions.
In animal studies, host genetics plays a greater role in shaping the intestinal flora than it does in humans.
In addition, according to the relevant research results, the results obtained in mice are more consistent and can be replicated.
Therefore, a more reliable trend is proposed regarding the importance of the host's genetic background.
Although the intestinal microbial system is different between mice and humans, the mouse model still has important advantages and can provide some insights and future directions for human research.
In addition, in this review, the author also mentioned that although it is now generally accepted that the gut microbiota plays a vital role in host metabolism, the host genetics are related to the metabolic syndrome (MetS) status of the specific gut.
Knowledge of the effects of microorganisms is still limited.
Current research methods are not enough to detect all genetic effects, so it is still challenging to evaluate the complete role of host inheritance in all aspects.
Continued microbiome research is essential to understand the full genetic potential of the host.
Original link: https://onlinelibrary.
wiley.
com/doi/10.
1002/ame2.
12134
There is more and more evidence that the intestinal flora is involved in pathogenesis and disease development, and it continues to reveal its potential as a disease mechanism, prevention and treatment target.
More and more studies have shown that gut microbes are an important factor in many diseases.
The intestinal flora contains a variety of components, and its complex characteristics are determined by both external and internal factors.
Therefore, people are more and more interested in understanding the factors that affect its composition.
Although a lot of effort has been invested so far, it is still difficult to assess the degree of host genetic influence on the intestinal flora.
In September 2020, the team of Professor Fuad A.
Iraqi from Tel Aviv University in Israel published a review article titled "Impact of host genetics on gut microbiome: Take-home lessons from human and mouse studies" in the journal Animal Models and Experimental Medicine.
This article reviews the possible effects of host genetics on the gut microbiota from different perspectives, and provides the latest assessment of the role of host genetics in the composition of the gut microbiota, so as to enhance readers' understanding of the host genetics underlying the variation of intestinal microbes.
At present, the typical method to characterize gut microbes is to use 16S rRNA gene sequencing, shotgun method or high-throughput genome sequencing technology.
Using these molecular genetic sequencing technologies, different microorganisms can be identified and quantified in a given biological sample.
Although research results have shown that environmental factors such as diet and lifestyle affect the composition of the intestinal flora, the role of host genetics is still unclear.
Typical methods for characterizing gut microbes.
Comparing the differences between single egg twins (MZ) and double egg twins (DZ) is a basic method to study whether the host genetic variation is related to the genetic variation of the intestinal flora.
It can be investigated and evaluated to determine the intestinal tract The role of the genetic background of the flora characteristics.
Previous twin studies have shown that the overall composition of the gut flora and many individual gut microbes are heritable.
Although the heritability of the same genetic group identified by various studies varies, these results may be caused by differences in sample size and analysis methods.
These research characteristics are very important for host genetic significance, especially in twin studies of intestinal flora.
In addition, some non-twin studies have shown that there is significant flora similarity between unrelated individuals living at the same time, but this similarity is not observed between family members living in different lives.
These results indicate that the intestinal flora is mainly affected by environmental factors, and the host genetic part affects the composition of the intestinal flora.
The microbial similarity of single-egg twins and the genetic diversity of double-egg twins.
One of the main methods to study the connection between the gut microbiota and the host genome is the microbial whole genome association study (mGWAS), which is human genotyping or whole genome sequencing Research methods combined with microbiome analysis (16S rRNA or metagenomics sequencing).
The high complexity of the structure of the intestinal flora and the strong environmental impact may cause differences between recent research results.
However, there is an exception in these studies.
The significant association between the lactase (LCT) gene and the relative abundance of bifidobacteria also indicates that the more association between the intestinal flora and host genes may be through observation of genetics and The comprehensive impact of the environment is discovered, rather than discussing their impact separately.
In human studies, because the wide-ranging environmental differences between participants cannot be fully controlled, a large number of researchers are needed to reveal the genetic effects on the intestinal flora.
But animal studies can minimize this difference by placing all mice in the same environmental conditions.
In animal studies, host genetics plays a greater role in shaping the intestinal flora than it does in humans.
In addition, according to the relevant research results, the results obtained in mice are more consistent and can be replicated.
Therefore, a more reliable trend is proposed regarding the importance of the host's genetic background.
Although the intestinal microbial system is different between mice and humans, the mouse model still has important advantages and can provide some insights and future directions for human research.
In addition, in this review, the author also mentioned that although it is now generally accepted that the gut microbiota plays a vital role in host metabolism, the host genetics are related to the metabolic syndrome (MetS) status of the specific gut.
Knowledge of the effects of microorganisms is still limited.
Current research methods are not enough to detect all genetic effects, so it is still challenging to evaluate the complete role of host inheritance in all aspects.
Continued microbiome research is essential to understand the full genetic potential of the host.
Original link: https://onlinelibrary.
wiley.
com/doi/10.
1002/ame2.
12134
