Yesterday, today and tomorrow of the cattle breeding industry

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　　my country is one of the countries with the most cattle breeding resources in the world.
However, due to the limitation of agricultural production methods, cattle have long been used as a tool for labor.
It was not until the 1970s that it began to change to the direction of meat, a century later than abroad.
In the past ten years, beef cattle selection and breeding in my country has entered a new era of joint breeding.
Genetic improvement has been accelerated, the breeding system of improved varieties has been gradually improved, the production performance measurement system has been gradually established, and the development and utilization of local genetic resources has been emphasized and strengthened.
But on the whole, there is still a significant gap with the advanced level of foreign countries.
At present, with the continuous increase of national attention and the popularization and application of new breeding technologies, my country's beef cattle breeding industry is steadily entering the fast lane.
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History of the development of cattle breeds3D9-，

　　In animal taxonomy, cattle belong to the genus Ruminina, Bovis and Buffalo of the Bovine subfamily.
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　　There are 7 cattle species in the genus Bos:3D9-，

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Ordinary cattle: Covers all kinds of dairy cows, beef cattle, dual-purpose cattle breeds in the world and most of the cattle breeds in my country.
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Zebu: Including Indian Zebu, African Zebu, American Brahman, etc.
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Yak: Mainly distributed in my country's Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and part of Central Asian Plateau.
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　　4.
Javan cattle: distributed in the Indonesian islands, it is called Banten cattle in English.
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㹇 (hé) cattle.
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Large amount of cattle: mainly distributed in southern Asia, distributed in China called Dulong cattle.
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　　7.
Bison.
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Figure 1 Cattle (1) Ordinary Cattle (2) Zebu (3) Buffalo (4) Yak3D9-，

　　(1) The origin and domestication of cattle3D9-，

　　About 250,000 years ago, primitive cattle, the ancestors of common cattle and zebu, appeared.
As early as tens of thousands of years ago, prehistoric humans interacted very closely with wild cattle.
A large number of murals related to cows have been found in large and small caves in Europe.
The mural "Wounded Bison" in the caves of Altamira, Spain, in the Paleolithic era, is a masterpiece.
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Figure 2 Mural of "Wounded Bison" in Altamira Cave, Spain3D9-，

　　Ordinary cattle were domesticated by humans in the Fertile Crescent (including Iraq, Israel, Egypt and other regions) about 10,500 years ago, and then gradually spread to all parts of the world.
Zebu was domesticated in South Asia about 8,000 years ago and spread to central and eastern Africa.
The third place of origin is the present-day western desert area of ​​Egypt.
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Figure 3 Three origins of domestic cattle domestication (taken from Pitt, Sevane, etc.
, Evolutionary Applications, 2018 article)3D9-，

Red is ordinary cattle, blue-purple is zebu, green is the domesticated area of ​​ancient Egyptian cattle3D9-，

　　Ordinary cattle in my country are mainly Chinese cattle (scalpers generally refer to all cattle except yaks and buffaloes), which migrated from Western Asia through Eurasia to the inland of East Asia about 4000-5000 years ago, which mainly affected the cattle breeds in northern my country; The zebu entered my country about 2500-3500 years ago, which mainly affected southern cattle breeds.
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　　Buffalo is another species of domestic cattle distributed worldwide besides yellow cattle.
There are currently about 200 million buffaloes in the world.
The buffalo was domesticated 5,000 to 7,000 years ago, and the center of domestication is located in South Asia, Southeast Asia, and the Yangtze River in China.
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　　The yak originated in my country.
The wild yak first appeared on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau about 7,300 years ago.
It was domesticated by the Qiang people about 5,000 years ago, and spread to the surrounding areas of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau via the Tangbo Ancient Road and the Silk Road.
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　　The domestication of cattle has a long history, involves a wide range of countries and regions, and the tortuous and complicated process is breathtaking.
At present, my country has 55 local cattle breeds, 27 buffalo breeds, 18 yak breeds and 1 large cattle breed.
It is one of the countries with the most local cattle breed resources in the world.
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　　(2) The breeding process of foreign cattle3D9-，

　　In the world, cattle have undergone a transition from "serving" to "meat".
After the mid-19th century, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and other countries have successively selected and bred special beef cattle breeds on the basis of labor cattle.
Diversification of beef cattle breeds is an important feature of the beef cattle breeding industry in developed countries in Europe and the United States.
There are more than 100 beef cattle breeds in the United States, more than 40 beef cattle in Australia, and more than 30 in the United Kingdom.
However, each country is based on the production performance characteristics and adaptability of each breed.
, Select a small number of dominant varieties, concentrate on the continuous selection and breeding of this variety and subsequent cross-utilization.
At present, the largest number of beef cattle breeds in the world are Simmental, Angus, Charolais, etc.
Among them, Simmental is second only to Holstein in the world (the world’s most widely distributed, The largest number of dairy cattle breeds) has the widest range of cattle breeds.
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　　Simmental cattle originated in Switzerland.
The breeding of Simmental cattle in Switzerland is roughly divided into three periods: One is the stage of introduction and crossbreeding.
From the 5th to 16th centuries AD, the Gothic cattle were introduced from Burkunda in Scandinavia to crossbreed with local cattle.
The hybrid cattle have the characteristics of good milk performance, full muscles, gentle temperament and resistance to rough feeding.
They are widely recognized by the local area.
Replace the local cattle breeds in Switzerland.
The second is to select the target stage for service use.
Crossbred cattle were widely used in Switzerland and other countries in the 17th and 18th centuries.
By the beginning of the 19th century, Simmental had basically formed a breed of working cattle with large body, tall legs and strong bones.
The third is the multi-objective breeding stage.
In 1826, Switzerland announced the breeding of Simmental cattle.
Since the mid-19th century, it has been exported to neighboring European countries.
After the introduction of Simmental cattle in various countries, a variety of types with their own characteristics have been selected and bred.
For example, it is mainly used for milk production in Switzerland; after long-term breeding and breeding in France, the Montbélia cow, which has excellent milk production performance, has milk production second only to Holstein cattle; in Germany, after nearly 20 years Directional breeding has formed a German Simmental with both milk and meat; in North America, Simmental is bred for meat as a pure meat breed.
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Figure 4 Canadian Simmental3D9-，

　　Angus cattle, native to England.
The breeding of Angus cattle in the United Kingdom began at the end of the 18th century, mainly based on early maturity, slaughter rate, meat quality, feed utilization and calf survival rate, and adopted inbreeding and strict selection to improve meat performance.
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Since the 19th century, it has been exported to foreign countries, and it has been distributed in many countries around the world.
It is one of the main cattle breeds in Britain, the United States, Canada, New Zealand and Argentina.
The British beef cattle breeding work is undertaken by the Ministry of Agriculture, the Meat and Livestock Committee, and various beef cattle breed associations.
The division of labor and cooperation has formed a well-organized and highly efficient breeding and improvement system.
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Figure 5 Angus cattle3D9-，

　　Wagyu originated in Japan.
Japan began to carry out genetic improvement of beef cattle in 1900, using foreign breeds and Wagyu to breed new breeds, but the initial results were not very satisfactory.
In 1912, the Japanese government decided to revise the improvement goals based on body size standards, register pedigree, body size and other indicators, and determined the breeding direction of "learning from the strengths of hybrid cattle to make up for their weaknesses, and breeding a unified breed to meet the needs of Japanese agriculture", and systematically carried out breeding.
jobs.
In 1948, the "Japanese Cattle Registration Association" was established to popularize registration.
After 70 years of continuous improvement, the local Wagyu breed has been successfully improved into a high-end beef special breed.
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Figure 6 Wagyu3D9-，

　　(3) The course of cattle breeding in my country3D9-，

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。19491973，，。，，1955，13、18。3D9-，

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The period of vigorous development.
In 1986, the Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Husbandry and Fisheries promulgated the "National Cattle Variety Regional Planning", which enabled each region to have a clear improvement direction and correct improvement methods, and entered a stage of vigorous development of cattle improvement.
By 2006, my country's beef production reached about 8 million tons, accounting for 12% of the world's beef production, which was more than 40 times higher than the 0.
28% in 1961.
The total beef production increased by 10.
1% annually, while the beef cattle inventory increased on average in the same period.
The rate is only 2.
4%.
During this period, the large-scale hybrid improvement work and the implementation of other supporting technologies have significantly improved the average meat production performance of my country's beef cattle.
At this stage, 3 specialized beef cattle breeds (Xianan cattle, Yanhuang cattle, Liaoyu white cattle) and 3 combined breeds (Chinese Simmental, Shuxuanhua cattle, and Sanhe cattle) were developed.
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Figure 8 Cultivation process of new beef cattle breeds in my country3D9-，

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Sanhe cattle artificial insemination 2.
Xianan cattle on-site measurement3D9-，

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Researcher Chen Youchun guides the breeding of Shuxuanhua cattle 4.
Exchange of experience in breeding of Chinese Simmenta cattle3D9-，

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A new period of beef cattle breeding represented by joint breeding.
In 2011, the former Ministry of Agriculture issued and implemented the "National Beef Cattle Genetic Improvement Plan (2011-2025)" to vigorously improve the beef cattle breeding system and accelerate the process of beef cattle genetic improvement.
At present, the breeding core group has begun to take shape.
The breeds include introduced breeds such as Simmental, shorthorn and Mora buffalo, local breeds such as Qinchuan cattle and Nanyang cattle, as well as cultivated breeds such as Sanhe cattle and Xia Nan cattle.
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Development of modern cattle breeding at home and abroad3D9-，

　　(1) Foreign development3D9-，

　　At present, there are three main types of beef cattle breeding systems in the world: One is the European breeding system represented by Germany and France.
Due to the dense population, beef cattle breeding is mostly dominated by farmers and family farms.
Under the framework of the EU Livestock Breeding Law, the German and French beef cattle breeding systems include family farms, artificial insemination associations, breeding associations, federations, and government departments.
Breeding associations play a central role in organizing breeding.
The second is the Australian breeding system represented by Australia.
The Australian breeding system consists of the original seed farm, the expansion farm, the fattening farm, the slaughterhouse and the technical service system.
In the technical service system, the breed association is mainly responsible for the registration and determination, and the universities and research institutes are responsible for the genetic evaluation.
The third is the North American breeding system represented by the United States and Canada.
Including cattle breeding farms, cow breeding farms with calves, shelf cattle farms, fattening farms, slaughterhouses and technical service systems.
In the technical service system, the breed association is mainly responsible for genetic evaluation, the government technology promotion department provides supporting services and support, and universities and research institutes carry out breeding technology upgrades.
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　　In beef cattle performance measurement and genetic evaluation, beef cattle production systems and performance measurement systems in different regions are different, and their conventional genetic evaluation systems are also different, which is mainly reflected in the comprehensive selection index.
The conventional genetic evaluation work in developed countries in Europe and the United States has a history of several decades.
Each dominant breed has a breeding population ranging from 50,000 to 600,000 heads, and collects 200,000 to 1,000,000 performance data for each breed to breed bulls.
The selection intensity of the virus is as high as 0.
5%, which greatly accelerates the progress of population genetics.
Taking Simmental as an example, the United States and Canada evaluated growth traits, carcass and meat quality traits, and reproduction traits totaling 15 traits, and developed two comprehensive API (All purpose index) and TI (Terminal index) based on different breeding goals.
Choice index; Australia has evaluated 18 traits and developed 4 comprehensive choice indexes.
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　　In terms of breeding technology, in 1975 Henderson proposed the best linear unbiased prediction method (BLUP) based on the linear mixed model.
Beef cattle breeding began to use this method to evaluate the genetics of different beef cattle breeds and different populations, and use the evaluation results to breed Cattle selection and matching to improve the accuracy of selection.
In 2001, Meuwissen proposed the concept of whole-genome selection, which was first applied by the American Angus Society in 2014, and other developed countries in Europe and the United States have also begun to use it.
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Figure 9 The whole genome selection process of beef cattle3D9-，

　　At present, the main beef cattle breeds in the world are basically using the whole gene selection technology for selection.
Through early selection, the generation interval has been greatly shortened, the genetic progress has been accelerated, the breeding cost has been greatly reduced, and the accuracy of selection has also been greatly improved.
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Table 1 Reference populations for beef cattle genome selection in various countries3D9-，

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　　(2) Domestic development3D9-，

　　The genetic improvement of beef cattle in my country started in the 1960s.
After the implementation of the "National Beef Cattle Genetic Improvement Program (2011-2025)" in 2011, the progress of genetic improvement of beef cattle nationwide has accelerated.
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The breeding system of improved varieties is gradually improved.
At present, the number of national beef cattle core breeding farms has reached 42, involving 25 breeds, laying the foundation for independent breeding and supply of beef cattle.
The ability of independent breeding and supply of breeding bulls has been continuously improved.
36 breeding bulls have kept more than 2,500 bulls for meat and semen collection.
The annual production capacity of frozen semen is 44 million doses, which basically meets the demand of the domestic market.
The beef cattle breeding system with core breeding farms, bull breeding stations, technology extension stations, and artificial insemination stations as the main body has been further improved.
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Basically established a breeding cattle production performance measurement system.
The "Technical Specification for Beef Cattle Production Performance Measurement" was formulated, and a total of 32,000 beef cattle in 80 stations participated in breed registration and production performance measurement.
In 2015, the Simmental cattle national joint descent test was launched, and a total of 103 bulls were tested.
In 2018 and 2019, breeding bull auctions have been held for two consecutive years, which has promoted high-quality and high-priced beef cattle sources in my country.
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Figure 10 Bull auction site3D9-，

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Improved the technical system of beef cattle genetic evaluation.
Beginning in 2010, the BLUP method has been used to carry out genetic evaluation of both meat and dairy cattle breeds.
Developed the China Beef Cattle Selection Index (CBI) and the China Combined Cattle Performance Index (TPI), guided the breeding of beef bulls, and completed a total of 5,914 bulls genetic evaluation; developed a technology platform for beef cattle genome selection with independent intellectual property rights.
The Chinese Beef Cattle Genome Selection Index (GCBI) was established, and a reference population of 2,300 heads was formed.
my country has been using whole-genome selection technology to select young beef bulls since 2017, and released the Chinese Beef Cattle Genome Selection Index for the first time in 2020.
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A joint breeding system was initially established.
Joint breeding organizations such as Jinbo Beef Cattle Descendant Determination Federation, Meat Simmental Cattle Breeding Federation, Dairy Cattle Breeding Independent Innovation Alliance, and Qinchuan Cattle Breeding Federation have been established, attracting more than 30 bull breeding stations across the country.
The core breeding farm participates to realize the exchange and sharing of resources, technology and breeding information.
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Strengthen the development and utilization of local genetic resources.
Continuous selection and breeding of local breeds such as Qinchuan cattle, Yanbian cattle and Jinnan cattle, using local cattle genetic resources as breeding materials, has bred Shuxuanhua cattle, Yunling cattle and Ashdan yak and passed the national new breed approval.
Bohai Black Cattle, Yanbian Cattle, Yiling Cattle and other local breeds have carried out industrialization explorations, and a new pattern of combining resource protection and utilization, development and innovation has been established, and a new pattern of “preservation first, use promotion” has been formed.
The characteristic beef cattle industry development model based on the combination of "guarantee and service guarantee".
Organized the "2020 First Chinese Cattle·Quality Beef Tasting Event", which strengthened the public's awareness of beef cattle breeds and beef products, and boosted the confidence of the local beef consumption market.
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Figure 11 The first Chinese beef and high-quality beef tasting conference in 2020 was held in Beijing3D9-，

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Problems and gaps3D9-，

　　In 2020, my country's beef production was 6.
72 million tons, a year-on-year increase of 0.
8%.
Research on the national beef and yak industry technology system shows that the domestic beef market will show rigid demand in the future.
In 2030, my country's beef consumption will reach more than 12 million tons.
If there is no obvious technological progress, the beef produced in my country is far from meeting the demand growth.
The overall start of beef cattle breeding in my country is relatively late.
Although the breeding organization and technical system are basically established, they still need to be further improved.
There is a big gap between the production performance of independent breeding cattle and foreign countries.
In terms of production level, the average carcass weight of beef cattle in developed countries is more than 300 kilograms, and the areas with high breeding levels such as the Central Plains and North China can reach 240 kilograms, but the national average does not exceed 160 kilograms.
Generally speaking, it is still in its infancy.
In general, there are still the following problems in beef cattle breeding in my country:3D9-，

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The basic work of genetic improvement is weak.
The number of seed cows of the main breeds is insufficient, the infrastructure of the breeding farm is backward, the independent breeding mechanism is not sound, and the overall performance of the breeding bull is not high.
The basic work such as registration of fine breed beef cattle, body type identification, production performance measurement, genetic evaluation, and cross combining ability measurement is insufficient, and the number of beef cattle descendants is relatively small.
In particular, some areas have insufficient knowledge of the beef cattle seed industry, one-sided pursuit of sensory traits, and put important economic traits in the secondary position of the industry.
The promotion of improved varieties at the grassroots level is not strong, and the penetration rate of practical technologies such as artificial insemination is low in some places.
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The joint breeding is progressing slowly.
my country has a large-scale excellent hybrid population, but the follow-up selection and breeding work has not followed up, resulting in stagnant or even decline in the performance of the population.
The organizational mechanism of joint breeding is not perfect, especially the idea of ​​local protectionism makes it impossible for populations with similar genetic backgrounds to unite for unified selection, which reduces the intensity of selection.
The genetic progress of each group is not ideal, and the new breeds cultivated are highly regional.
Not conducive to large-scale promotion.
In some areas, the male parent varieties were constantly changed during the process of hybrid improvement and production.
Blind hybridization not only failed to improve production performance, but caused confusion in population genetic background and stagnant production performance.
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The protection and utilization of local cattle breed resources are not strong.
The concept of "better breeding" as "foreign breeding" is deeply ingrained, leading to lagging progress in the improvement of local cattle breeds, and the excellent characteristics of local cattle breeds such as good meat quality, rough feeding tolerance, and strong stress resistance have not been fully utilized.
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Insufficient investment in technology research and development.
Due to the lack of effective support and investment, some advanced technologies cannot be quickly transformed into the genetic advantages of the population, leading to the need to introduce foreign high-quality frozen sperm and embryos to the industry-leading varieties.
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Development Direction of Beef Cattle Seed Industry in the "14th Five-year Plan"3D9-，

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Accelerate the advancement of beef cattle genetic improvement programs.
Continue to implement the national beef cattle genetic improvement plan, further improve the beef cattle breeding system, improve the technical procedures for the registration of beef cattle breeds, the technical procedures for the registration of beef cattle breeds, expand the size of the core group of high-quality beef cattle breeding, enhance the independent breeding ability of bulls, and increase the source of beef cattle core breeds Give rate.
Improve the management methods and supervision mechanism of relevant core farms, and further clarify the genetic improvement plans and implementation plans of various provinces and regions and major producing areas, so as to form a nationwide game of systematic selection and scientific improvement, so that national-level improvement plans take root.
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In-depth implementation of joint research on beef cattle breeding.
Continue to implement joint research on the breeding of new breeds of "Huaxi Cattle", and carry out joint breeding for dispersed populations with conditions; joint breeding between local breeds can be carried out to discover specific economic traits and cultivate characteristic beef cattle industry.
For the more mature Angus cattle joint breeding, the five local cattle with ethnic characteristics and related breeds can be started first.
Establish breeding populations and core groups of introduced breeds such as Charolais and Limousin to provide high-quality provenance sources for their improved herds and hybrid production.
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