Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow of Meat Duck Seed Industry

HOU aquatic ^1,2 Zhou Zhengkui ²dQr-，

^{1, 2 2}

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1.
Chief scientist of the National Waterfowl Industry Technology System, leader of the expert group of the National Waterfowl Genetic Improvement Program 2.
Researcher, Beijing Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesdQr-，

 　　The meat duck industry is an important part of my country's animal husbandry.
Duck meat is the third largest meat industry in my country after pork and chicken.
In 2020, the number of meat ducks sold in my country will reach 4.
68 billion, accounting for more than 80% of the world's total sales.
The output of duck meat will exceed 10.
5 million tons, and the output value will exceed 125 billion yuan.
Although my country's meat duck industry is very large, the development of the seed industry is relatively lagging, and the growth of breeding companies is slow, and it cannot meet the demand for production and diversified duck meat market consumption.
It is urgent to strengthen the basic research of the meat duck seed industry, accelerate the pace of new breed cultivation, and consolidate The development foundation of the seed industry will further enhance the international competitiveness of my country's meat duck industry.
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　　1.
The development history of meat duck seed industrydQr-，

　1.
The development history of　meat duck seed industry 　 1.
The history of meat duck seed industry development

　　The wild duck has strong flying ability, and its migration path covers vast areas of Asia, Europe and North America.
Since ancient times, the Chinese have had a special liking for ducks, not only domesticated them, but also kept them in the forefront of the world.
According to Darwin's research, the ancient Egyptians, the Jews of the Old Testament era, and the Greeks of the Homer era did not know what ducks were.
Only the ancient Romans often hunted wild ducks for food and entertainment.
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　　The mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) is recognized as the ancestor of modern domestic ducks.
The mallard duck is named after the male duck's head is metallic and green, while the female duck has hemp feathers all over, with obvious gender characteristics (Figure 1).
This species is widely distributed in the natural environment and is the most common wild waterfowl.
The migration path of wild ducks covers the eastern part of our country, especially the southeast.
The water system is vertical and horizontal, and it is a paradise for ducks.
The ancestors domesticated the mallards as domestic ducks.
my country is the earliest country to domesticate ducks.
As early as 1200 BC, there was a record of raising ducks in our country.
The ancient book "Er Ya" was written at the beginning of the Warring States period, and it describes the relationship between the (domestic duck) and the (wild duck).
After being tamed artificially, the became a , also called Shu Fu.
It shows that our ancestors started domesticating ducks 3000 years ago.
"Wu Di Ji" records "Duck City, King Wu built the city.
The city used to raise ducks for hundreds of miles.
" It depicts the historical facts of King Wu who built the city to raise ducks.
It shows that my country has a history of large-scale duck breeding for more than 2,400 years.
.
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Figure 1 Mallard (left female and right male)dQr-，

Picture 1 Mallard (left female, right male) Picture 1 Mallard (left female, right male) Picture 1 Mallard (left female, right male)

　　In common names, domestic ducks are collectively referred to as "ma ducks" according to the feather color of the female ducks.
There are many types of ducks in my country, and there are 37 local breeds such as Gaoyou duck, Shaoxing duck and Liancheng white duck (Figure 2).
In terms of feather color, Shaoxing ducks and Gaoyou ducks still retain the feather color characteristics of mallard ducks, but there are also white feathers and black-billed white ducks.
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Figure 2 Some duck genetic resources in southern my countrydQr-，

Figure 2 Some duck genetic resources in southern China Figure 2 Some duck genetic resources in southern China Figure 2 Some duck genetic resources in southern China

　　Interestingly, the most famous duck species is found in the arid north.
Peking duck is a world-famous and outstanding breed of meat duck.
Many countries have used Peking duck as a breeding material to cultivate multiple matching lines and breed them extensively.
According to historical records and modern molecular evolution, the breeding of "Peking Duck" has a history of more than 400 years.
According to legend, after Zhu Di of the Ming Dynasty took the throne, he moved his capital to Beijing.
He transferred grain and rice (called Cao Mi) from Jiangsu and Zhejiang, and transported it to Beijing along the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal.
The quantity was huge, and the grain and rice fell into the river during the period.
Innumerable, the wharf officials made full use of the scattered grains to feed the "white lake ducks" in Jinling that were transported by ships.
These lake ducks were domesticated and raised and carefully cultivated in the water system in the northern part of the capital.
They became larger in size and rich in sebum.
For roasting food, it has gradually become the raw material of today's famous dish "Beijing Roast Duck".
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　　(A) Foreign duck breeding course duck because of the unique flavor requires a more complex way of cooking, meat consumption in the United States and Europe, the proportion is very low.
The real systematic breeding of meat ducks began after Peking ducks were introduced to European and American countries, but they were mainly exported.
East Asia is the main breeding and consumer market for meat ducks.
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　(1) The breeding process of foreign meat ducks

　　The first stage is the spread of Peking duck germplasm.
In 1872, the American James Palmer returned to the United States by boat from Shanghai, China, with 15 Peking ducks.
During the 124-day voyage, 9 of them (6 females and 3 males) survived Later, he arrived at Long Island, New York on March 13, 1873, and became the ancestor of the American Peking duck.
Today, Cornell University has a duck disease research center on Long Island.
According to the book "Beijing Duck" (1934 Commercial Press edition) edited by Shu Lianying and Ye Debei, at that time, the little white duck "has been sampled, and the society has become a new one.
Gentlemen and celebrities are not well-known for buying.
There are many buyers.
Lack of supply.
At the moment the price is so high, 12 eggs of each type cost 10 to 13 US dollars, and each egg is worth 1 yuan in gold.
American society has the honor of duck or gold brick.
And because of that.
It comes from Beijing, China, and is known as the "Peking Duck".
" It completely replaces the local Cayuga duck.
Subsequently, it was introduced to European countries.
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　　In the second stage, a specialized meat product line is cultivated on a global scale.
Since the 1950s, Beijing duck has become a leading meat duck breed in the improvement and production of meat ducks in various countries due to its excellent performance, fast growth and strong adaptability.
Cherry Valley Farm in the United Kingdom has cultivated the British Peking Duck, Maple Leaf Farms in the United States has cultivated the American Peking Duck, and the French Orvia-Gourmaud Group (Orvia Gourmaud Selection) ) Has cultivated the "Nant brand" French Peking duck matching line, and the French Cremo Breeding Group (Grimaud Freres Selection) has bred the "Aobaixing" French Peking duck matching line.
These international varieties are all Chinese Peking duck varieties.
Resource-based, commercialized supporting system formed after scientific cultivation.
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　　(2) The breeding course of meat ducks in China Since the Song Dynasty, large-scale breeding of ducks has been carried out in Jiangsu and Zhejiang.
Lu You's "Jishan Xing" has the sentence "being a thousand heads of ducks".
Folks have the habit of "growing rice to make wine, raising ducks with distiller's grains, and making duck manure fields".
Before the founding of the People’s Republic of China, both the Beijing ducks in the north and the mackerel ducks in the south bred naturally, and gradually formed a population with stable appearance and excellent performance.
After the founding of the People’s Republic of China, the market demand for different types of duck meat increased rapidly, and systematic breeding of meat ducks began.
Due to the small size, slow growth rate, and low meat production rate of the southern ducks, they are mainly farmed and used for both meat and eggs, while the northern Beijing ducks are large in size and full of breast meat.
Therefore, the Beijing duck resource has become the first choice for meat duck breeding.
Breeding materials.
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(2) The breeding process of meat ducks in my country

　　The first stage is the start of modern duck breeding.
Exactly the same as abroad, Peking duck stands out as a breed of meat duck.
The selection and breeding of the meat duck scientific system in my country can be counted from the survey of Beijing duck production in the suburbs of Beijing in 1962.
In early 1963, the Institute of Animal Husbandry of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences established the Beijing Duck Breeding Research Group to build a duck breeding farm in Daxing County, Beijing.
The Animal Husbandry Research Office of the Beijing Academy of Agricultural Sciences cooperated to start the research on the systematic breeding of Peking ducks.
In 1965, two strains of different bloodlines were formed.
Duck-filling was the main breeding method at that time.
During this period, the local meat duck breeds in southern my country were still mainly raised by farmers on a small scale, and systematic breed selection had not yet been carried out.
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　　In the second stage, the selection and breeding mode of supporting lines was opened.
In the 1980s, the matching line breeding model achieved great success in poultry breeding.
During the "Seventh Five-Year Plan" period, the breeding model of meat duck matching line was also put on the agenda.
The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences used Peking duck as the breeding material and proposed a design plan for the breeding of meat duck matching line.
The group's predecessor) cooperated to breed Beijing duck matching line for the first time in my country in 1990.
After several generations of breeders' hard work, meat duck breeding has made great progress in theory, technology and production practice.
By the end of the "13th Five-Year Plan" period, the age of Peking ducks in my country has been shortened from 63 days to about 40 days, the feed-to-weight ratio has dropped from 3.
5:1 to 1.
9:1, and "free filling" feeding has been realized (Note: It meets the requirements of roast duck production.
The previous Peking duck breeds need to be fed with compulsory feed to increase the subcutaneous fat content.
The newly bred breeds have been genetically improved to meet the subcutaneous fat content requirements under normal feeding conditions, eliminating the need for filling) .
However, the breeding of local ducks is still progressing slowly, and no influential breeds of meat ducks using local ducks as breeding materials have been formed.
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Figure 3 The transformation of Beijing duck breeding methods (left: traditional duck filling, right: free feeding)dQr-，

Figure 3 The transformation of Beijing duck breeding methods (left: traditional duck filling, right: free feeding) Figure 3 The transformation of Beijing duck breeding methods (left: traditional filling duck, right: free feeding) Figure 3 The transformation of Beijing duck breeding methods (left: traditional Duck filling right: free intake)

　　The third stage is to innovate the breeding mechanism to realize the from following to parallel running.
In recent years, the Beijing Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences has used my country’s Beijing duck breed resources to innovate through the model innovation of “academic-enterprise joint breeding”, and cooperated with leading meat duck companies to cultivate the “Zhongsheng Grassland White Feather Duck” and “Zhongxin White Feather”.
"Meat Duck" new breed.
The "Zhongsheng Prairie White Feather Duck" supporting product line weighs 3.
34 kg at 41 days and can be put on the market, with a feed-to-weight ratio of about 1.
92; the "Zhongxin White Feather Duck" supporting line product has a weight of 3.
0 kg at 41 days old.
The feed-to-weight ratio is 1.
88:1, the breast and leg meat ratio reaches 28%, and the sebum ratio is less than 20%.
Independent varieties have obvious advantages over imported varieties in key production performance indicators such as feed-to-meat ratio, breast meat percentage, and sebum percentage, and are more in line with domestic consumer demand.
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Figure 4 Supporting line of white feather ducks in China Livestock GrasslanddQr-，

Figure 4 Matching line of white feather meat ducks on China Livestock Grassland Figure 4 Matching line of white feather meat ducks on China Livestock Grassland Figure 4 Matching lines of white feather meat duck on China Livestock Grassland

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Figure 5 China-Singapore White Feather Duck Supporting LinedQr-，

Figure 5 Zhongxin White Feather Meat Duck Matching Line Figure 5 Zhongxin White Feather Meat Duck Matching Line Figure 5 Zhongxin White Feather Meat Duck Matching Line

　　2.
Development of modern meat duck breeding at home and abroaddQr-，

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Development of　modern meat duck breeding at home and abroad 　 2.
Development of modern meat duck breeding at home and abroad

　　Globally, as an outstanding breed of meat duck, Beijing duck has always had no rivals, and it is the only international general meat duck breed.
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　　(1) Foreign development The developed countries in Europe and the United States have made full use of Peking duck resources 60 years ago, learned from broiler breeding techniques and models, vigorously developed a commercial supporting line model, and cultivated a number of world-famous meat duck supporting lines.
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Cherry Valley Duck.
In 1958, the Englishman Sir Joseph Nixon founded a company with ducks as its main business-Cherry Valley Farm in Yorkshire.
After crossing the genetic resources of my country's Beijing duck with the local large-sized domestic ducks, they adopted the poultry breeding theory and technology at that time to cultivate a large white feather duck supporting line, which has fast growth, high feed conversion rate and lean meat rate, and disease resistance.
Strong and other characteristics.
The Cherry Valley Duck was introduced to my country in the 1980s.
Since 2010, my country’s annual output of Cherry Valley Duck has exceeded 2 billion, almost monopolizing my country’s lean meat ducks (mainly used for the production of white striped ducks and segmented ducks).
Products), the Cherry Valley Duck still accounts for half of the white feather duck market.
In September 2017, Shounong Co.
, Ltd.
and CITIC Agriculture acquired 100% of the shares of the British Cherry Valley Farm Co.
, Ltd.
at a price of US$183 million.
The disadvantage of this breed is its high sebum rate.
When processing saltwater ducks, braised ducks and other foods, commercial ducks need to restrict feeding to improve their meat quality.
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　　2.
Nantes duck.
The Nantes duck is based on Peking duck as its genetic resource, which is bred by Olvia-Gourmont Breeding Group Company of France.
It has the characteristics of fast growth, high feed conversion efficiency, strong disease resistance, and strong adaptability.
This species was introduced to my country in 2013 because of low feed conversion efficiency, low reproductive performance, and small breeding scale.
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　　3.
Maple Leaf Duck.
The ancestor of Maple Leaf Duck is also my country's Peking Duck, which was bred by Maple Leaf Farm in the United States.
Maple Leaf Duck grows fast, has high feed conversion efficiency, developed breast muscles, and low sebum rate.
The disadvantages are low stress resistance, poor adaptability, and a high rate of death of commercial ducks.
This supporting system entered my country in 2010, and the breeding scale is small.
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Aobaixing duck.
The Aubaixing duck is the offspring of the Peking duck in my country, which was bred by the Cremo Brothers Breeding Company in France.
Due to the relatively inferior production performance, the market is shrinking.
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　　(2) Domestic development 1.
The protection, development and utilization have achieved remarkable results.
my country is the country with the richest duck breed resources in the world, with 37 local duck breeds, 10 supporting lines cultivated, and 7 supporting lines introduced.
In recent years, governments at all levels have carried out a series of fruitful work on the protection of waterfowl resources in my country, and successively established two national waterfowl live gene banks, located in Taizhou, Jiangsu (9 duck species) and Shishi, Fujian (15 duck species).
, Some local governments have also established several provincial-level conservation farms.
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　　2.
Created a specialized line of meat duck with rich genetic diversity, and cultivated a new breed of meat duck with strong market competitiveness.
Using technologies such as distant hybridization, inbreeding, and two-way selection, on the basis of the original Peking duck breeds, we created meat ducks with remarkable characteristics such as growth speed, body size, feed conversion efficiency, breast muscle rate and sebum rate, and disease resistance.
Specialized strains have created a strain resource bank, laying a solid foundation for variety innovation and genetic mechanism analysis.
At the same time, according to the needs of the domestic market, it has cultivated the special Nankou No.
1 Peking duck and Z-type Peking duck matching line for Beijing roast duck, as well as 3 lean white feather ducks, including Zhonghu Prairie White Feather Duck, Zhongxin White Feather Duck, and Qiang Ying Duck.
Meat duck supporting system.
At present, the number of white feather ducks in China Livestock Grassland and Zhongxin white feather ducks has exceeded 1.
3 billion, accounting for about 1/3 of the market share of white feather ducks in the country.
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Figure 6 Modern meat duck breeding (left: automatic feed conversion efficiency measuring equipment, right: duck QR code label)dQr-，

Figure 6 Modern meat duck breeding (left: automatic feed conversion efficiency measurement equipment, right: duck QR code label) Figure 6 Modern meat duck breeding (left: feed conversion efficiency automatic measurement equipment, right: duck QR code label) Figure 6 Modern meat Duck breeding (left: automatic measuring equipment for feed conversion efficiency, right: duck QR code label)

　　3.
Breeding innovation technology is widely used in breeding practice.
Using conventional breeding and multi-omics technology, innovated meat duck breeding technology.
The establishment of a duck two-dimensional code breeding data collection system, ultrasonic measurement of breast muscle development technology, genetic relationship identification technology, multiple regression model to accurately estimate the difficult-to-measure traits of ducks in vivo, etc.
, and the breeding efficiency has increased by more than 5 times.
Applying the basic metabolism theory of nutrition, created the "remaining feed intake" selection technology for meat ducks, which significantly reduced the RFI (remaining feed intake) and sebum rate of the breeding group of meat ducks.
The breeding technology of a new line of meat ducks resistant to duck hepatitis A virus was created, and a new line of disease resistant meat ducks was successfully established.
The major gene IGF2BP1 for meat duck body size was discovered, and it was first applied to molecular breeding of meat ducks.
After one generation of selection, the feed utilization efficiency of meat ducks increased by 6.
63%, creating a molecular breeding system for meat ducks in my country.
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Figure 7 Discovery of major genes for body size of meat ducksdQr-，

Fig.
7 Discovery of major genes for body size of meat ducks Fig.
7 Discovery of major genes for body size of meat ducks Fig.
7 Discovery of major genes for body size of meat duck

　　4.
Initially formed an innovation mechanism of industry-university-research integration.
After the establishment of the national waterfowl industry technology system, it has opened up the innovation chain of "production, study, research and application", which has effectively promoted the formation and development of joint breeding mechanisms such as science and technology enterprises, schools and enterprises, giving full play to the technological advantages of scientific research units and the market and capital advantages of enterprises , The new varieties cultivated are more suitable for the domestic breeding environment and consumer demand, have stronger competitive advantages, and effectively meet the domestic market demand.
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Problems and gapsdQr-，

3.
Problems and gaps 3.
Problems and gaps

　　1.
The comprehensive competitiveness of meat duck breeding enterprises is not strong enough.
The modernized breeding of meat ducks in developed countries started early, focusing on the research and application of new breeding technologies.
The breeds of meat ducks cultivated have excellent performance, fast growth, high feed conversion efficiency, and the breeding efficiency is significantly higher than that of local meat duck breeds, which once monopolized my country.
White feather duck market.
With the domestically produced varieties of Zhonghu Prairie White Feather Duck, Zhongxin White Feather Duck, and Qiangying Duck, they have been bred and put on the market.
In the short term, my country’s meat duck seed industry is not greatly affected by international seed companies, but domestic breeding The overall strength of the enterprise is still weak, and the international competitiveness of independently cultivated varieties is not strong enough.
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