WTO and sustainable exhibition of pig industry in China

Introduction: Wang Aiguo, School of animal science and technology, China Agricultural University (Beijing 100094) is facing the rapid development of economic and trade globalization, and China's pig industry is facing opportunities and challenges after China's accession to the WTO Therefore, it is of great significance to study the influence of WTO on China's pig industry, the factors affecting the world meat trade and the development of green pig industry The opportunities and challenges that China's pig industry will face after entering WTO are: trade liberalization, non discrimination, transparency and price deregulation Because our government has made special treatment to agriculture in the negotiation of entering WTO, the agriculture of our country will not be greatly affected after entering WTO The specific agreements are as follows: (1) China promises to open the right of trade operation, but the import operation is monopolized by the state, and the right of import operation is in the hands of the companies designated by the state; (2) according to the provisions of the WTO agricultural agreement, the so-called "green box" subsidies are allowed, and now the "green box" subsidies account for more than 2 / 3 of China's agricultural products subsidies Third, for the "yellow box" subsidies that distort agricultural products, the WTO stipulates that the direct subsidies of developing countries to their own agriculture shall not exceed 5% The consensus reached by China and other WTO members is that the proportion is no more than 8.5% of the total value of agricultural products, while the current yellow box subsidies in China only account for 3.3% of the total value of agricultural products, and there is still considerable space for utilization After entering WTO, the best opportunity for China's pig industry is the export of commodity pig products China is the world's largest pig raising country, with rich pig resources, nearly 20 years of intensive pig production experience, a number of successful large pig raising enterprises, cheap labor, a strong foundation of feed industry and alternative raw materials, institutions of higher learning to cultivate professional talents and mechanisms to accommodate talents As long as we seize the opportunity, rely on the progress of science and technology, give full play to our advantages, select good talents to participate in international trade and establish channels for foreign trade, we will surely win the space that the international market should have However, after China's accession to the WTO, the pig industry is also faced with severe challenges: reducing tariff, the import tariff of pork in 2004 dropped from 20% to 12%, leading to the increase of raw materials and pork imports, and intensifying the competition of pig industry Y8v the price advantage of domestic animal products is mainly low production cost, but this is only a potential comparative advantage, not a real comparative advantage According to statistics, the production cost per kilogram live weight of commercial pigs in China is 7.05 yuan, 7.17 yuan in the United States and 20.19 yuan in Japan Obviously, China has the advantage of labor force, but the labor productivity is lower than that of developed countries, and the structure of production cost is unreasonable, such as not including environmental cost Y8v in the competition of livestock products, our disadvantage is the health and biological safety of meat products, the distance between quality and international standards, that is to say, pork quality, health level, drug residues and other factors affect the entry of Chinese pork products into the international market In the near future, it is impossible for China to substantially increase the export of livestock products This is due to our scattered production, small scale, miscellaneous product sources, poor production environment, low domestic consumption standards and lax management Although it is impossible for foreign livestock products to enter China in a large scale in the near future, China's market will inevitably become international in the future Whether our enterprises can maintain the share of domestic market depends on the adjustment of industrial structure of our enterprises In the next few years, China's pig industry is bound to make major changes It is urgent to speed up the joint steps of producers and operators, and implement the industrialization of pig breeding to meet the needs of market competition Y8v2factors affecting world meat trade y8v2from January to June 2001, China's total export of livestock products reached US $1.45 billion, up 4% year on year; the total import reached US $930 million, down 6%, and the trade surplus reached US $520 million, up 26% year on year Among them, the export of pig products was 70000 tons, an increase of 37% year-on-year; the import was 105000 tons, basically the same The export of poultry products was 297000 tons, an increase of 16% year on year; the import of poultry products was 346000 tons, a decrease of 22% year on year In short, in the first half of 2001, the export volume of livestock products increased, the import volume decreased and the trade surplus expanded The world meat trade volume of y8v has maintained stable growth for many years, and has almost doubled in the past 10 years It is estimated that at present, 5% of the total meat output enters the international trade, and the proportion is still on the rise The development of the international meat trade will have a profound impact on the global animal husbandry Therefore, it is necessary to study the influencing factors and opportunities of world meat trade, including global consumption growth, regional consumption habits, cost differences of meat products, animal health and food safety, environmental protection, exchange rate changes, non-tariff barriers, import tariffs and export subsidies, transportation and processing technology, etc In recent years, the world meat trade is mainly concentrated in a few exporters and net importers The United States is in the leading position in the global meat trade, accounting for about 1 / 4 of the world's meat trade Because of its large number of export subsidies and food aid projects, the EU plays a leading role in the CIS export market However, with the impact of strengthening environmental protection, legal restrictions on primary agricultural products and reducing subsidies, the EU's trade position will be weakened Japan is the largest net importer of meat products, mainly importing high-grade meat products Due to its strict health standards, only a limited number of countries have access to this market Russia is the world's second largest net importer of meat, but the instability of its purchasing power puts exporters at greater risk Y8v 2.2 change of meat trade mode y8v world meat trade has transcended national boundaries and products are not limited to frozen carcasses A series of changes in the external operating environment are changing the mode of world meat trade Y8v 2.2.1 import region Europe and other developed countries have a downward trend in consumption demand due to changes in population and social economy; however, domestic meat production in Asia and other regions cannot meet their growing demand, and their dependence on imports has increased 2.2.2 in the past 10 years, there has been a significant shift in the meat production base in the export areas The meat production in traditional export countries such as Europe has shifted to low-cost countries such as South America There are two main reasons for this change, namely, the change of consumption area and production cost, the latter includes feed supply, labor and transportation cost Y8v 2.2.3 exchange rate change: exchange rate change will affect the competitiveness of exporters and the purchasing power of importers, and have a rapid and serious impact on the trade structure of the whole region Y8v 2.2.4 entrepot trade the rise of entrepot countries is an important change of meat trade in recent years Because Chinese labor is cheap, American drumsticks are exported to China and boned, and then re exported to Japanese market, from which China gets processing fee This model is called fine supply management plan, that is, the company maximizes profits through logistics At the same time, it is also a strategy to change the characteristics of international trade flow and enable third countries to enter the import and export chain The changes of regional consumption habits, trade market and consumption habits in y8v 2.3 promote different characteristics of International Meat Trade, such as different consumption markets for the whole carcass and divided products The U.S poultry export company has successfully realized the maximization of the value of each carcass segment, and correspondingly changed the trade mode of poultry products Compared with poultry, beef cattle and pork obviously have more carcass segmentation parts, but the value of meat segmentation is much lower than that of poultry Different countries and regions sometimes have completely different demand for products With the increasing competition, exporters must pay more attention to this demand According to the needs of different markets, exporters strive to diversify their products based on consumption, and even develop personalized products for a specific market Y8v 2.4 dumping and trade export are the main driving force for the development of meat industry Through deep comprehensive processing, the developed countries improve feed reward and moderate scale operation, reduce the price of products in the domestic market The supply of meat products exceeds the demand at home International trade has become an important means to relieve the pressure of domestic market Recently, more and more surplus products have entered the international market, causing complaints about dumping American poultry products have been severely criticized for entering the international market at low prices Recently, the South African government began to impose anti-dumping duties on poultry imports from the United States India, Mexico, the Philippines and other countries also expressed great concern about this Small and medium-sized enterprises in importing countries have been squeezed out of the industry because their production cost is higher than the market price Y8v 2.5 market access is one of the most important factors for all pork, poultry and beef producers and exporters Trade liberalization is very important for the production and processing of livestock products, whether it is a country that depends heavily on meat trade or whose meat production is protected by trade policies The research shows that the trade liberalization of agriculture and processing industry will bring us $250 billion benefits to the world economy, and the meat trade will get huge benefits Market access and market opening is one of the main obstacles for meat industry to share the fruits of trade liberalization Y8v 2.6 trade agreement multilateral trade liberalization has been the core of free trade negotiations in recent decades These negotiations were carried out under the framework of WTO at the beginning The difficulty of multilateral trade negotiations lies in the process of liberalization, which takes time to reach consensus However, many major trading countries and regions will increasingly rely on bilateral and regional trade agreements, because bilateral and regional trade agreements are easier to negotiate and implement than multilateral trade agreements, which will have an immediate effect on the trade balance of countries Prior to the conclusion of multilateral trade agreements, major trading countries and other countries will further divide the meat market through bilateral or regional agreements The free trade consultation between EU and OAS shows that bilateral trade agreements will still play an important role in the future Y8v3 is the main factor restricting the sustainable development of China's pig industry Although China's pig industry has made great achievements and achieved rapid development, there is still a big gap compared with the developed countries Among the factors that restrict the development of China's pig industry, the following problems have attracted more and more attention: y8v3.l feeding scale The most significant feature of China's pig industry is that the large-scale, large-scale and scattered specialized households account for a large proportion They have established their foothold in the market with the advantages of low investment in equipment, small scale, low production cost and decentralized operation However, with the continuous improvement of people's living standards, "high quality, safety, pollution-free" is becoming the goal of food consumption Therefore, the livestock products produced by the scattered specialized households will be restricted in the future due to the lack of corresponding specifications and the control of some indicators can not meet the quality requirements Y8v 3.2 environmental protection environmental pollution of pig farm