World Hepatitis Day, 28 July 2020, the latest research progress on hepatitis.

!--.) -29 July 2020 /--- July 28, 2020 is the tenth "World Hepatitis Day" as established by the World Health Organization.
to call on the whole society to pay common attention to the prevention and treatment of viral hepatitis, China's National Health And Health Commission CDC identified the theme of publicity: "active prevention, active testing, standardized treatment, comprehensive curbing hepatitis harm", aimed at calling on the public to actively inoculate hepatitis vaccine, take the initiative to carry out physical examination to understand liver health, chronic toxic hepatitis patients receive standardized antiviral treatment, comprehensively curb the threat to human health of viral hepatitis.
hepatitis is caused by hepatitis A virus (HAV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), hepatitis D virus (HDV) or hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection, of which HBV and HCV infection is the most serious, 96% of hepatitis deaths are due to HBV and HCV infection.
According to the World Health Organization, there are currently nearly 240 million people with chronic hepatitis B worldwide, and about 1 million people die each year from liver fibrosis, cirrhosis and liver cancer caused by chronic hepatitis B infection.
in China, the carrying rate of hepatitis B surface antigen accounts for about 7.18% of the total population, and chronic hepatitis B is one of the main diseases that threaten the health of our people.
Although the rate of new infections of hepatitis B virus has decreased significantly since the widespread use of HBV preventive vaccine, there is still a lack of effective treatment strategies for patients with hepatitis B who have established chronic infection.
the World Health Organization estimates that 170 million people worldwide are infected with HCV.
the positive rate of anti-HCV in healthy population in China was 0.7% to 3.1%, about 38 million people.
due to the biological characteristics of the virus and host immune function and other factors, the body's immunity is often difficult to effectively remove the virus, resulting in about 50% to 80% of HCV infection to develop into chronic hepatitis, of which 20% to 30% will develop into cirrhosis.
1% to 4% of patients with cirrhosis develop into liver cell cancer each year.
1.eLife virus uses immunoproteins to avoid antiviral immune systems! Doi: 10.7554/eLife.52237 Scientists have discovered a new antiviral defense system that can be used to treat many viral infections by discovering the hepatitis C virus's shenanigans to evade the immune system, according to a new study published in the journal eLife.
Photo source: en.wikipedia.org.
in the experiment, the team used human liver cancer cells infected with the hepatitis C virus, which have or do not have a normal innate immune system.
the innate immune system scans the body for potential threats, such as viruses or bacteria, and triggers a reaction.
scientists used a tool called short hairclip RNA to selectively suppress CypA and found that this prevented the virus from replicating only in liver cells with a normal innate immune system.
they have also shown that CypA inhibitors help prevent the virus from absorbing CypA and prevent its proliferation.
known CypA binds to an immune protein called protein kinase R (PKR), affecting its ability to detect viruses.
so the team used a gene editing tool called CRISPR/Cas9 to remove the PKR gene from human liver cells with an innate immune system.
in cells without PKR, procycline inhibitors are less able to prevent the virus from multiplying.
this is because The PKR that identifies the virus and triggers anti-virus defensedoes does not exist.
2.mBio: New target for infectious disease immunotherapy: 10.1128/mBio.01293-20 Researchers and colleagues at the National Institutes of Health found that when the immune system first responds to infectious agents such as viruses or bacteria, natural braking prevents overactivation.
their new study in the journal mBio describes the fundamentals of this braking mechanism and how SARS-CoV-2 is activated.
their findings provide a potential target for immunotherapy.
when cells identify infectious origins with PAMP molecular characteristics, it increases the expression of CD47 molecules on the cell surface, which is the "don't eat me" signal.
increased expression of CD47 weakens the ability of macrophages.
and phagocytosis cells are swallowed by infected cells and explained to further stimulate the immune response.
observations found that the increase in CD47 was affected by a variety of types of infections, including in mice with retroviruses, lymphocyte lineg meningitis virus, LaCrosse virus, SARS-CoV-2, and infections caused by The Borgehelix boheligo and typhoid salmonella.
the authors demonstrated that they can increase the speed at which pathogens are removed by transvirus-mediated mouse models that block CD47-mediated signals with antibodies.
in addition, knocking out the CD47 gene in mice improved its ability to control mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and significantly prolonged its survival.
in addition, retrospective studies of cells and plasma in people infected with the hepatitis C virus have shown that there is also an increase in CD47 in the human body.
in these studies, inflammatory cytokine stimulation and direct infection both contributed to an increase in CD47 expression.
3.JVI: New research suggests that the small molecular compound EIDD-1931 inhibits a range of coronavirus doi, including rat hepatitis virus and MERS-CoV: 10.1128/JVI.01348-19 small molecular cellaside analogue beta-d-N4-hydrotide (beta-d-N4-Hydrocyytidine, The NHC, also known as EIDD-1931, developed by emory University Drug Development Research in the United States, has recently been shown to suppress a variety of viruses, including chikungunya, Venezuelan maencephalitis virus (VEEV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), norovirus, influenza A virus (IAV), influenza B virus and Ebola virus.
previous reports have shown an increase in transition mutations in the post-treatment viral genome.
also reported the antiviral activity of EIDD-1931 in human alpha coronavirus HCoV-NL63 and beta coronavirus SARS-CoV.
So far, scientists have not reported the mechanism by which EIDD-1931 inhibits any coronavirus, nor has it reported the resistance of the coronavirus to EIDD-1931.
!--/ewebeditor:!--webeditor: !--webeditor" -- In a new study, researchers from Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Emory University and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill studied the inhibition of eIDD-1931 on two different beta-coronaviruses--- the rat hepatitis virus (MHV) and merS-CoV ---, as well as the resistance of the two coronaviruses to EIDD-1931.
related findings were recently published in the Journal of Virology, and the paper was entitled "Small-Molecule Antiviral-d-N4-Hydroxycytidine Inhibits a Dorreading Intact-Coronavirus with a High Genetic Barrier to Resistance".
4.Science: Modified cyclodextrin molecules can be used as broad-spectrum antiviral drugs while preventing viral resistance from developing doi: 10.1126/sciadv.aax9318 In a new study, researchers from Switzerland, Canada, the United Kingdom and the United States have developed new antiviral substances made from sugar molecules that can destroy viruses when exposed and may help fight viral epidemics.
they found that they are likely to be used to treat viral infections such as herpes simplex virus (HSV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and Zika virus (ZIKV).
research was published on January 29, 2020 in the journal Science Advances, under the title "Modified cyclodextrins as broad-spectrum-antivirals".
the paper's correspondent is Professor Caroline Tapparel of the University of Geneva and Professor Francesco Stellacci of the Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne, Switzerland. The first authors of the
paper are Dr Samuel Jones of the University of Manchester in the United Kingdom and Dr. Valeria Cagno of the University of Geneva in Switzerland.
images from Science Advances, 2020, doi: 10.1126/sciadv.aax9318.
Despite being in the early stages of development, the wide-spectrum activity of these new antiviral substances may also be effective against newly-circulated viral diseases, such as the recent outbreak of the new coronavirus (2019-nCoV) epidemic in China.
5.Nature Sub-journal: New study helps fight HIV and HBVdoi: 10.1038/s42003-019-0706-x Has more than 1 million people living with HIV in the United States.
in a new study, researchers from florida State University School of Medicine in the United States have identified for the first time how two widely used antiviral drugs suppress the virus.
the discovery is expected to open the door to new and more effective treatment options for more than 36 million people living with HIV and others living with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) worldwide.
the results of the study, recently published in the journal Communications Biology, are entitled "Elucidating Molecular Interactions of L-nucleotides with HIV-1 reverse dyrase and mechanism of M184V-drug diond resistance".
in the paper, the paper's author, Professor Zucai Suo of florida State University School of Medicine, and his colleagues also provide disparate in understanding how a single HIV-1 mutation can make the anti-HIV drugs emtricitabine and lamivudine ineffective.
these drugs generate billions of dollars in sales each year for the companies that make them, the proportion of patients who develop resistance is a serious and dangerous barrier to treating the disease.
6.PLoS Pathog: Significant progress! Targeting carrier protein E or the hepatitis B virus doi, which is expected to completely remove the virus in the human body: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007874, scientists at the University of Alabama in the United States have found that human lipoprotein E (apoE, apolipoprotein E) may promote and produce h-HBV infection, published in the international journal PLoS Origins.
the results of this study, interference with the occurrence, secretion and binding of apoE organisms inhibitors or as a new therapy to eliminate chronic hepatitis B infection.
chronic hepatitis B infection affects the health of 240 million people worldwide, it is also a major public health problem facing the global population, with hBV being a common cause of a wide range of liver diseases, including chronic hepatitis, dericarino, fibrosis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma.
this study, the researchers found that apoE can promote the infection and production of HBV, apoE in the hepatitis C virus infection process plays a key role, in the hepatitis B virus researchers found a large number of human apoE protein, and it will be integrated into the virus's envelope, the use of apoE-specific monoclonal antibodies or through the expression of silent apoE and knockout apoE gene, can effectively block the hepatitis B virus infection.
in addition, the expression of the apoE gene or the removal of the apoE gene in liver cells carrying hepatitis B virus can significantly interfere with the production of hepatitis B virus.
concluded by the researchers, apoE appears to play a key role in the ongoing HBV infection process by avoiding the host body's immune response, similar to its role in the life cycle of HCV.
7.Gut: Scientists identify special memory NK cells that could help improve vaccine and therapeutic strategies to fight HBV infection: 10.1136/gutjnl-2019-319252/!--/ewebeditor: page-!--ewebeditor: page title In a recent study published in the international journal Gut, scientists from the Westmead Institute of Medicine and other institutions have discovered for the first time a new class of special human cell subgroups that may be involved in the body's immune response to HBV infection, and the results may help scientists develop new treatments for hBV infection and improve future vaccine research.
the current hepatitis B vaccine can prevent late-stage hepatitis B virus infection through the body's immune memory, when the body is exposed to hBV, the vaccine can "train" the immune system to eliminate the virus;
for this, the researchers were vaccinated against B in the study.