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Written by | Edited by Wang Cong | Typesetting by Wang Duoyu | Shui Chengwen With the development of the economy and the improvement of living standards, obesity has become a major public health problem all over the world
.
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), nearly 2 billion people are overweight or obese in the world.
From 1975 to 2016, the global obesity rate has nearly tripled, and the number of deaths caused by overweight or obesity is as high as 2.
8 million each year
.
In order to reduce the health effects of sugar, more and more people are starting to consume artificial sweeteners instead of real sugars.
These artificial sweeteners have the sweetness of sugar, but are usually not converted by the body and therefore do not produce calories.
It is considered to be a healthy way to eat and has gained popularity in recent years
.
However, while real sugar and artificial sweeteners produce similar sweetness, people still prefer real sugar, which also makes it difficult for artificial sweeteners to shake people's sugar cravings
.
As early as 20 years ago, scientists discovered their sweet taste receptors in mice.
However, it was astonishing that even if the genes for these sweet taste receptors were knocked out, the mice were still able to distinguish between real sugar and real sugar.
Artificial sweeteners
.
A new study has found the answer to this puzzle - the upper part of the gut, behind the stomach, holds the secret to distinguishing between real sugar and artificial sweeteners
.
On January 13, 2022, researchers from Duke University in the United States published a research paper entitled: The preference for sugar over sweetener depends on a gut sensor cell in the journal Nature Neuroscience
.
The study shows that taste buds often have difficulty distinguishing the difference between real sugar and artificial sweeteners, but gut cells can easily identify it and relay the difference to the brain within milliseconds
.
Both sugar and artificial sweeteners produce sweetness, but both humans and animals prefer real sugar
.
Even mice lacking taste receptors were able to distinguish between sugar and artificial sweeteners
.
The so-called sugar-free drinks actually use artificial sweeteners instead of sugar.
Previously, the research team discovered a cell type in intestinal cells, Neuropod Cell, which is distributed throughout the lining of the duodenum.
In addition to generating relatively slow hormone signals, fast-acting neurotransmitter signals can also be generated that communicate with neurons through fast synaptic connections, transmitting the sensed sugar signal to the vagus nerve and then to the brain within milliseconds
.
Using laboratory-grown organoids derived from mouse and human cells to represent the small intestine and duodenum, the Neuropod Cell (green fluorescence) research team, which is relatively rare in the intestinal epithelium, showed that real sugar stimulates neuropod cell release Glutamate acts as a neurotransmitter, and artificial sweeteners stimulate it to release ATP as a neurotransmitter
.
The research team then used optogenetics (Optogenetics) to further study living mice by turning Neuropod cells on or off in the intestines of living mice to confirm whether their preference for real sugar is driven by gut cells drive
.
With optogenetic triggering of Neuropod cells to shut down, the mice lost their preference for true sugar performance
.
Optogenetic experiments show that sugar preference in mice depends on Neuropod cells in the duodenum.
These results tell us that Neuropod cells are sensory cells in the nervous system, just like taste buds on the tongue help us perceive taste, retinal vision in the eye.
Cone cells help us see the same color
.
Neuropod cells can sense the difference between real sugar and artificial sweeteners, and then release different neurotransmitters into different cells of the vagus nerve, allowing the brain to perceive which is sugar and which is artificial sweetener
.
Humans have a natural craving for sugar, and many struggle with it for their health
.
This research sheds light on the gut's important role in sugar perception and cravings, and why artificial sweeteners have a hard time curbing sugar cravings
.
The research team also showed that the gut can directly talk to the brain through such Neuropod cells to change eating behavior
.
The behavior of mice can be altered by altering Neuropod cells in the gut so that they no longer crave sugar
.
In the long run, these findings could lead to entirely new ways to treat the disease
.
In addition, in April 2020, Nature published a study from Columbia University in the United States, which found that the sugar sensory pathway from the gut to the brain after ingestion is crucial for the formation of sugar preference, and revealed artificial sweetness The neural basis for the different effects of sugar and sugar on behavior and the basic circuit of sugar's effect on appetite
.
These studies all tell us that the gut is critical for sugar preference and that this pathway is independent of the sweet taste receptors (located on the tip of the tongue)
.
These studies also remind us that even if artificial sweeteners deceive the taste buds, they cannot deceive the gut, and it is impossible to quit milk tea and cola, which turns out to be the pot of the gut
.
Paper link: https:// https:// Open for reprinting.
Welcome to the circle of friends and WeChat group
.
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), nearly 2 billion people are overweight or obese in the world.
From 1975 to 2016, the global obesity rate has nearly tripled, and the number of deaths caused by overweight or obesity is as high as 2.
8 million each year
.
In order to reduce the health effects of sugar, more and more people are starting to consume artificial sweeteners instead of real sugars.
These artificial sweeteners have the sweetness of sugar, but are usually not converted by the body and therefore do not produce calories.
It is considered to be a healthy way to eat and has gained popularity in recent years
.
However, while real sugar and artificial sweeteners produce similar sweetness, people still prefer real sugar, which also makes it difficult for artificial sweeteners to shake people's sugar cravings
.
As early as 20 years ago, scientists discovered their sweet taste receptors in mice.
However, it was astonishing that even if the genes for these sweet taste receptors were knocked out, the mice were still able to distinguish between real sugar and real sugar.
Artificial sweeteners
.
A new study has found the answer to this puzzle - the upper part of the gut, behind the stomach, holds the secret to distinguishing between real sugar and artificial sweeteners
.
On January 13, 2022, researchers from Duke University in the United States published a research paper entitled: The preference for sugar over sweetener depends on a gut sensor cell in the journal Nature Neuroscience
.
The study shows that taste buds often have difficulty distinguishing the difference between real sugar and artificial sweeteners, but gut cells can easily identify it and relay the difference to the brain within milliseconds
.
Both sugar and artificial sweeteners produce sweetness, but both humans and animals prefer real sugar
.
Even mice lacking taste receptors were able to distinguish between sugar and artificial sweeteners
.
The so-called sugar-free drinks actually use artificial sweeteners instead of sugar.
Previously, the research team discovered a cell type in intestinal cells, Neuropod Cell, which is distributed throughout the lining of the duodenum.
In addition to generating relatively slow hormone signals, fast-acting neurotransmitter signals can also be generated that communicate with neurons through fast synaptic connections, transmitting the sensed sugar signal to the vagus nerve and then to the brain within milliseconds
.
Using laboratory-grown organoids derived from mouse and human cells to represent the small intestine and duodenum, the Neuropod Cell (green fluorescence) research team, which is relatively rare in the intestinal epithelium, showed that real sugar stimulates neuropod cell release Glutamate acts as a neurotransmitter, and artificial sweeteners stimulate it to release ATP as a neurotransmitter
.
The research team then used optogenetics (Optogenetics) to further study living mice by turning Neuropod cells on or off in the intestines of living mice to confirm whether their preference for real sugar is driven by gut cells drive
.
With optogenetic triggering of Neuropod cells to shut down, the mice lost their preference for true sugar performance
.
Optogenetic experiments show that sugar preference in mice depends on Neuropod cells in the duodenum.
These results tell us that Neuropod cells are sensory cells in the nervous system, just like taste buds on the tongue help us perceive taste, retinal vision in the eye.
Cone cells help us see the same color
.
Neuropod cells can sense the difference between real sugar and artificial sweeteners, and then release different neurotransmitters into different cells of the vagus nerve, allowing the brain to perceive which is sugar and which is artificial sweetener
.
Humans have a natural craving for sugar, and many struggle with it for their health
.
This research sheds light on the gut's important role in sugar perception and cravings, and why artificial sweeteners have a hard time curbing sugar cravings
.
The research team also showed that the gut can directly talk to the brain through such Neuropod cells to change eating behavior
.
The behavior of mice can be altered by altering Neuropod cells in the gut so that they no longer crave sugar
.
In the long run, these findings could lead to entirely new ways to treat the disease
.
In addition, in April 2020, Nature published a study from Columbia University in the United States, which found that the sugar sensory pathway from the gut to the brain after ingestion is crucial for the formation of sugar preference, and revealed artificial sweetness The neural basis for the different effects of sugar and sugar on behavior and the basic circuit of sugar's effect on appetite
.
These studies all tell us that the gut is critical for sugar preference and that this pathway is independent of the sweet taste receptors (located on the tip of the tongue)
.
These studies also remind us that even if artificial sweeteners deceive the taste buds, they cannot deceive the gut, and it is impossible to quit milk tea and cola, which turns out to be the pot of the gut
.
Paper link: https:// https:// Open for reprinting.
Welcome to the circle of friends and WeChat group
