Who are the fathers of surgery?

In 1889, the chief surgeon at Johns Hopkins Hospital in the United States found that the disinfectant used in each surgical handwashing would make the hands of the head surgeon redness and blister.

The head nurse who was annoyed (ai) annoyed (mei) wanted to resign
.

To protect the hands of his beloved head nurse, the chief surgeon contacted rubber giant Goodyear and personally helped design a pair of "close-fitting" surgical gloves that would cover the wrists
.

This invention not only retained the head nurse's person, but also won the hearts of
beautiful people.
They married a year later, and it became a good story
for a while.

On top of that, the gloves invented by the chief surgeon later became the norm and were a must-have in surgery and are still in use today
.

He is famous in history
.
To this day, many medical students and even medical people will be in awe
when they hear his name.

His name was William Stewart Halsted (1852-1922), a figure powerful
enough to change the course of surgery.
Because he was good enough to be a cow, posterity respected him as the "father of American surgery" or "the father of modern surgery"
.

Photo caption: Halsted's wife, Caroline Hampton, head nurse of surgery, and the gloves that Halsted invented for her would later become standard in surgery
.
/Internet

Before Halstead, however, two doctors had been dubbed the "father of surgery.
"

In the end, who really has the strength to win the reputation of the father of a discipline?

Dawn in the darkness

Since the end of the 5th century AD, the Western Roman Empire collapsed and the long Middle Ages began
.
During this period, science in Europe stagnated, and no famous scientists
appeared.
Medical theory still follows the writings
of Hippocrates and Galen thousands of years ago.
Doctors do not pay attention to the obviously wrong ideas in these writings, and they do not think to correct them
.

At this time, the training of surgeons mainly relied on the inheritance of teachers and apprentices
.
Due to the lack of unified teaching materials, the level of surgeons trained in various places is different, and the treatment methods of diseases are not the same
.

For example, doctors at that time had different understandings of tumor treatment
.
According to Hippocla's theory, tumors are caused by a local inflammation that results from excessive concentrations of black bile in the veins and flow into other sites
.
Therefore, some surgeons believe that the tumor does not need to be removed, but only the fluid balance can be adjusted
.
But other doctors insist that the tumor must be removed
.

All of this, there is an urgent need for a leading figure to emerge to put an end to chaos
.

Times made him: Guy de Chauliac (circa 1300-1369
).

Photo caption: Guy de Chauliac portrait/Ambroise Tardieu carving

As a young man, Joriac developed a keen interest in medicine, studying
at the medical schools of Toulouse and Montpelli, Bologna, Egypt.
Especially in Bologna, he studied anatomy
.
Master was the author of the first modern anatomical book, Mondino de Luzzi (1250-1325
).

After graduation, he went to Lyon and worked for many years as a "little doctor"
.
Because of Joriak's early years of joining the church, he considered himself a physician
who performed surgery.

In the process of practicing medicine, he cured the daughter of the nobleman with a broken calf and became the "guardian" of the family; He treated tumors and other stubborn diseases for ordinary people, and changed the decaying medical environment of the past; He was also happy to impart his experience, and his student John of Gaddesden (1280-1361) became Britain's first royal physician
.

Slowly, more and more people knew his name, and eventually the Pope received Cholyack and appointed him as his personal doctor
.

Photo caption: Joriac served three popes
, Clement VI (1342-1352), Enoch VI (1352-1362) and Urbano V (1362-1370).
/Wiki

During his tenure, there was an outbreak
of the Black Death in Europe that would affect world history.
The great plague, which was confirmed by later generations as the plague, lasted for seven or eight years, swept across Europe, and claimed the lives
of some 25 million Europeans.

Photo caption: The Triumph of Death depicts the horrors of the Black Death as it swept across Europe
.
/Peter Bruegell

During the pandemic, Joriak's colleagues fled the outbreak, but he decided to stay and care for the sick
.
Joriac also summed up an outbreak report that clearly states the terrible contagiousness of the
Black Death.

He gave a "treatment plan": igniting a fire, cleaning the environment; Clean yourself with agave pills; Peel with figs and cooked onions, mix with yeast and butter to soften the abscess on the surface of the body
.

In 1363, Cholliac spent his life completing the book Chirugia Magna, which has since been translated into more than 70 languages
.

Drawing on more than 3,000 texts, the book covers almost all medical knowledge known at that time and is divided into seven sections detailing anatomy, swelling, trauma, ulcers, fractures, special diseases and antidotes
.

The book has since become the most popular work in the field of medicine and is a "model" for 200 years
.

He was also the first doctor to be revered as the "Father of Surgery
".

A medical giant who started as a barber and a doctor

With the end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of the Renaissance, many disciplines made revolutionary progress
.

1543 was destined to be an extraordinary year in the history of science: this year, with the help of the illustrator Kalka, the young Vesalius published The Fabric of the Human Body
.
The book reconstructs the world's view of the human body and single-handedly creates a whole new discipline: human anatomy
.

Photo caption: Cover
of "The Making of the Human Body".
/Wiki Common

With the development of anatomy, we have a deeper understanding of the body, and the development of surgery has entered the fast lane
.

In the same period, barber surgeons obtained legal status
.
The son of a carpenter was born in the city of Laval, and the carpenter named the child Ambroise Pare
.

Photo caption: Ambroise Parré (1510-1590) / Network

In 1533, Parré came to the Palais d'École de Paris and became an apprentice barber surgeon, studying anatomy and surgery
.
Three years later, he went out with the army as a military doctor
.

Photo caption: This medical book by Galen lists a variety of causes of trauma in the illustrated section, but does not give a treatment plan
.
/Internet

In the days of Parré's life, gunshot wounds
were considered poisonous.
The conventional treatment method is to use boiled oil to flush and burn the wound to achieve the purpose of
"disinfection".

Parré was initially convinced of this theory
.
But in a battle in 1537, the boiling oil ran out
.
Parré had to mix egg yolk, rose oil, turpentine to make an ointment instead of boiling oil
.
As a result, he unexpectedly found that the wound healed better
.
Over the course of several treatments that followed, Parré gradually discarded the idea
that gunshot wounds were poisonous.

Since then, he has also abandoned the traditional "burning and stopping bleeding method"
.
Instead, crow's beak forceps are used to pull out the artery, and then sutures are used to tie the end of the blood vessel to completely seal the artery
.
Not only does the bleeding stop work well, but the patient does not scream
in pain as if he were on a burning hemostasis.

Photo caption: Parré's design of crow's beak forceps, used to clamp hemostasis, is the prototype
of the current hemostatic forceps.
/CCTV documentary "Two Hundred Years of Surgery"

Another story is that Parré healed a chest wound for an officer, a disease now known as "pneumothorax" that seemed certain to die at the
time.

Parré innovatively uses an oil-soaked sponge to wrap the wound
in a special way.
Judging from his description, this method is not only effective in stopping bleeding, but also acts as a one-way valve, so that the blood accumulated in the chest cavity can flow out
smoothly.
Subsequently, it is fixed
with plaster and bandages.

The officer recovered
within a short time.
Ordinary people look unbelievable
.

In the war, the meditative medical professor in robes lost to the young, humble Parré
.
In a great deal of practice, the surgeon gradually understood the real needs of medicine and came up with solutions
.
At the same time, according to the needs, Palay designed a large number of surgical instruments, some of which are still used today
.

Parré also recorded his understanding of surgical techniques
.
Parré's writings were widely circulated
due to the use of easy-to-understand French rather than the clumsy Latin language.
We can still get a glimpse of Parré's contribution from those artistic statements
.
He abandoned the ineffective treatment plans handed down by his predecessors and pioneered many technologies
that were close to those of later generations.
Most of his ideas were validated
by later generations.

As a key figure in the succession, Paré was also revered as the "Father of Surgery" because of his superb skills and rare humanistic care of that era
.

The big guy completely changed the direction of surgery

Finally, let's talk about Holstead
.
Let's take a look at some of the big guy's "tiny" contributions
.

In 1881, the first human-to-human blood transfusion was completed;

In 1882, the first cholecystostomy was completed;

In 1887, submucosal bowel anastomosis was completed;

In 1889, rubber gloves were first introduced into surgery;

In 1889, radical breast cancer resection was formulated;

In 1890, he completed the repair of inguinal hernia;

In 1891, the subclavian artery was successfully ligated for the first time and the subclavian aneurysm was removed;

In 1893, he completed the first three cholangiotomy in American history;

In 1894, radical breast cancer resection was first described;

In 1896, the first successful removal of the ampullary carcinoma and the migration of the common bile duct into the duodenum;

In 1903, the use of levator testicular muscle to repair the inguinal oblique hernia and the rectus abdominal muscle to repair the straight-groin hernia were first described;

In 1905, the method of occlusion for the treatment of aneurysms was designed;

In 1906, parathyroid transplantation was demonstrated;

In 1910, the innovative use of gastrointestinal end-to-end kiss was legal;

In 1912, it was confirmed in experimental models that the removal of the parathyroid glands would lead to hand-foot twitching;

In 1912, the iliofemoral aneurysm was cured by occlusion;

In 1915, a new, safer method of common bile duct drainage was developed;

In 1913, he completed occlusion of thoracic and abdominal aortic aneurysms;

In 1920, a method of designing large bowel anastomosis .
.
.

Holstead's radical breast cancer resection requires the removal of breast, pectoral muscles and axillary lymph nodes, reducing the local recurrence rate from 50% to 60% to 6%.

He invented the mosquito hemostatic forceps, created the American residency training system, and was one of the four founders of the Johns Hopkins School of
Medicine.

Photo caption: Worship the big guy
.
/Internet

From the end of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century, the science of surgery had just emerged from the barbaric era and began to flourish
.

During this period, anesthesia has become more and more mature
.
Patients do not struggle desperately during the operation, screaming in despair
.
The contributions of Pasteur and Liszt et al.
to microbiology have greatly reduced the chance
of postoperative infection in patients.
Advances in hemostasis technology and innovations in vascular anastomosis have also made intraoperative bleeding no longer "spurted"
as before.

All of this means that surgeons can concentrate more on the procedure and the surgery becomes more refined
.
Against this backdrop, surgeons such as Halstead have stepped onto the stage
of history.

In 1870, at the age of 18, Holstead entered Yale University
.
At this time he did not show much academic interest
.
Instead, his performance on the school sports team led to the belief that he would be a good athlete in the
future.

Photo caption: As a teenager, Halsted was a member of the school baseball team, rowing team, and rugby captain, and he was also passionate about boxing
.
I have to admit that to be a good surgeon, you must first have an extraordinary physique
.
/Internet

After four years of undergrad, Holstead began to enter the field of medicine, studying in the United States and Europe, and in 1880, he returned to New York, and he had transformed from the scum of the year into a big man
who was about to change the course of surgery.

There are too many words left in modern medicine to commemorate Halsted's "invention": Halsted's Law, Halsted's Operation I, Halsted's Operation II (the famous radical breast cancer resection), Halsted mosquitoforceps.
.
.

If a person can save thousands of patients while he is alive, then he can be called a famous doctor; If this person changes the entire course of medicine while saving patients, then he can be hailed as the "father of the discipline.
"

Just like Halstead
.

Photo caption: The Four King Kongs created by Johns Hopkins Medical School, with Holstead standing behind them
.
In the early years, in order to verify the effect of cocaine in local anesthesia surgery, he experimented on himself and eventually became addicted
to cocaine.
This effect on him continued for the rest of his life
.