Which factors are related to the risk of diabetes?

In this paper, the editor has collated several research results, and jointly interpreted which factors are related to the risk of diabetes in the population, and shared with you! Photo source: Iran daily [1] nature cover article: nicotine addiction or increased risk of type 2 diabetes! Doi: 10.1038/s41586-019-1653-x recently, in a research report published in the international journal Nature, researchers from Mount Sinai Medical College found a special circuit in the body of rats through research, or can link smoking and the risk of type 2 diabetes Compared with non-smokers, diabetes is more prevalent in smokers, but the reasons behind it are not clear to researchers In this paper, the researchers found that the intake of nicotine may be related to the activity of the pancreas through a kind of brain circuit The intake of nicotine will cause the pancreas to release a small amount of insulin, thus increasing the blood glucose level of the body The higher blood glucose level is directly related to the increased risk of diabetes The researchers found that the special protein encoded by the diabetes related gene TCF7L2 (transcription factor 7 analogue 2) can mediate a signal circuit, thus linking the neurons activated by nicotine with the regulation of pancreatic blood glucose; nicotine can activate the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) expressed by the shenjingyuan in the medial habenular nucleus of the brain, thus triggering the formation of Adverse reactions To limit the absorption and release of glucagon and insulin by the pancreas, so as to improve the blood glucose level; higher blood glucose level can produce a feedback circuit by inhibiting the neurons expressing nAChR, block the negative effects of smoking, and help to establish nicotine dependence; TCF7L2 can regulate the whole signal circuit, and associate nicotine addiction with high risk of diabetes 【2】 In a new study, Leonard C Harrison and colleagues from the University of Melbourne, Australia, found that rotavirus infection may play a role in the development of type 1 diabetes The results of the study were published in the journal PLoS patterns Rotavirus infection remains a major cause of infantile gastroenteritis worldwide, although the emergence of vaccines has significantly reduced the associated mortality After the introduction of rotavirus vaccine, the incidence rate of type 1 diabetes in children under four years of age in Australia has been reduced by 15%, which indicates that rotavirus vaccine may help prevent this autoimmune disease This finding complements human and animal studies that have shown a link between rotavirus infection and type 1 diabetes in genetically susceptible children 【3】 Vitamin D can reduce the risk of preeclampsia, gestational diabetes and so on DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd008873.pub4 when a woman is pregnant, there are vitamins in many things that she usually needs to buy Studies have shown that vitamin supplementation during pregnancy is essential for fetal development Cristina Palacios, a professor in the Department of diet and nutrition at Robert Temple School of public health and social work, has been studying the effects of vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy for more than a decade Her recent findings suggest that vitamin D supplementation to pregnant women alone may reduce the risk of preeclampsia, gestational diabetes, low birth weight, and severe postpartum hemorrhage This is very impressive because we usually don't see this effect in just one vitamin, the researchers say "She said Vitamin D may increase the risk of premature birth when combined with calcium However, this result is mainly the result of an experiment Therefore, the results should be interpreted carefully, and more research is needed to clarify this point 【4】 Nat commun: high fat diet leads to diabetes, gut microbes or the culprit doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-11370-y researchers found that our diet choices can weaken our gut immune system and lead to the development of diabetes More and more studies show that during obesity, our immune system often responds to bacterial components that "leak" through intestinal tissue and cause inflammation In turn, inflammation leads to insulin resistance, which makes people prone to diabetes In a new study recently published in the journal Nature communications, researchers from Toronto General Hospital emphasized how a high-fat diet affects B cells in the gut immune system, especially those that produce a protein called IgA During obesity, the researchers say, there is a low level of B cells in the gut that produce an antibody called IgA IgA is naturally produced by our bodies and is essential for regulating the bacteria in our gut It serves as a defense mechanism to help neutralize potentially dangerous bacteria that take advantage of environmental changes, such as when we eat unbalanced or fatty foods 【5】 Lancet: watch out! Excess fat in the body may cause cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes! Doi: 10.1016/s2213-8587 (19) 30084-1 a few days ago, in a research report published in the international journal the lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology, scientists from the University of Surrey in the UK said through research that the excess fat in the body or the key driver of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes In this paper, the researchers reviewed the role of visceral fat and ectopic fat in pathophysiology of diseases, and put forward suggestions for the determination of these types of fat in practice The accumulation of body fat usually occurs around important organs, which is also considered as visceral or intraperitoneal fat The accumulation of these fat will increase the storage of fat in liver, heart, pancreas and skeletal muscle Excessive visceral and ectopic fat will affect the metabolism of the body, thus inducing cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes The determination of these fat content may improve the above two kinds Disease prediction, treatment and prevention strategies However, without complex techniques such as computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), it is difficult for researchers to determine the location of these types of fat in the body; body mass index can be used to determine the degree and stage of obesity, but it can not provide information about visceral or ectopic fat Nevertheless, it can reduce the risk of obesity and related diseases Health education and clinical practice still emphasize the measurement of BMI Now researchers are very clear that the risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes in people with the same BMI index also has considerable changes Source: tasnimnews.com [6] JAMA inter Med: data of over 300000 people show that following a healthy plant-based diet can reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes doi: 10.1001/jamantinmed.2019.2195 Harvard T.H Chan School of public health People who stick to a plant-based diet have a lower risk of type 2 diabetes than those who don't, according to a new meta-analysis by health The researchers also found that the link was stronger for those who ate a diet that emphasized healthy plant-based foods, the study published in the journal JAMA internal medicine Although previous studies have shown that plant-based diets may help reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes, there is a lack of overall analysis of epidemiological evidence According to the researchers, the current study provides the most comprehensive evidence to date of the relationship between maintaining a healthy plant-based diet and reducing the risk of type 2 diabetes The researchers identified nine studies for this association Their meta-analysis included health data from 307099 patients with type 2 diabetes They analyzed adherence to a plant-based "holistic" diet, including the mixing of healthy plant-based foods such as fruits, vegetables, whole grains, nuts and beans, but also less healthy plant-based foods such as potatoes, white flour and sugar, and appropriate animal products The researchers also looked at "healthy" plant-based diets, which emphasize healthy plant-based foods, and reduce the intake of unhealthy plant-based foods 【7】 Diabetes care: Chinese scientists have found that eating more linoleic acid can reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes doi: 10.2337/dc19-0412 according to a study published in the June issue of diabetes care, the intake of linoleic acid (LA) is negatively related to the risk of type 2 diabetes Dr Geng Zong and colleagues from the Chinese Academy of Sciences studied the relationship between n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) intake and type 2 diabetes risk using data from 83648 women who participated in the nurses' Health Study (NHS; 1980-2012) and 88610 women who participated in the nhsii (1991-2013) and 41771 men who were followed by health professionals (1986-2012) During the 4.93 million person year follow-up, there were 18442 cases of type 2 diabetes The average n-6 PUFAs in the diet was 4.4% to 6.8% of the total energy, mainly composed of linoleic acid (at least 98%) When comparing the extreme n-6 PUFA quintiles (highest and lowest) in the multivariable adjusted model, the risk ratio of total n-6 PUFA to type 2 diabetes was 0.91 (ptrend = 0.002), and the risk ratio of La to type 2 diabetes was 0.92 (ptrend = 0.01) In the model considering equal calorie substitution, the risk of type 2 diabetes was reduced by 14% when La equal calorie was substituted for saturated fat (5% energy; P = 0.002), 17% when trans fat was substituted (2% energy; P < 0.0001), and 9% when carbohydrate was substituted (5% energy; P = 0.047) When n-3 PUFAs or monounsaturated fat was replaced by La, there was no effect on the risk of diabetes 【8】 Cell Rep: specific inducers such as Coxsackie virus may increase the risk of type 1 diabetes Doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.04.086 recently, an international journal Cell In the Research Report on reports, scientists from the West Midlands Medical Research Institute clarified the molecular mechanism by which the exposure of specific inducers increased the risk of type 1 diabetes in the body; in the article, the researchers looked for a series of potential inducers that could increase the risk of type 1 diabetes in the individual Some studies believed that the exposure to Coxsackie virus would increase the risk of type 1 diabetes in the body Risk, Coxsackie virus is a common virus that can cause a variety of diseases, including myocarditis, gastroenteritis and hand foot mouth disease Researchers say a key transcription factor, called hypoxia inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF-1A), may be involved in the increase of individual disease risk In mice with beta deficiency, HIF-1A is more susceptible to type 1 diabetes after infection, including coxsackievirus, and so on The absence of HIF-1A in beta cells increases the death of beta cells, thereby increasing the incidence rate of type 1 diabetes 【9】 Cell: new T cells are related to type I diabetes Doi: 10 / 1016 / j.cell.2019.05.007 in a recent study, the research team recorded the existence of long suspected "x cells" for the first time Such immune cells may play a key role in the development of type 1 diabetes The relevant results are published in cell journal "Our results not only show the presence of X cells, but also have strong evidence that it is a major driver of autoimmune response in type 1 diabetes What's unique about the new cell we found is that it can act as a B cell and a T cell at the same time This may aggravate the autoimmune response, as one lymphocyte performs functions that usually require two synergies at the same time " B and T lymphocytes each have