What is the function of organelles?

Organelles, also known as organelles, are tiny structures within cells that perform specific functions The term refers to organs, comparing the way these structures operate within cells to the function of human organs Various types of organelles can be found in different plant, animal and bacterial cells, each of which has its important work, such as energy generation or protein production Species these structures have a wide range of functions, most of which are essential for cell life Nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi body, mitochondria and chloroplasts are the most important structures, each of which is located in a specific region of the cell In general, the nucleus is in the center, endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi body are nearby, and other organelles are scattered in the cell The type and number of organelles in a cell vary depending on its purpose For example, except mature red blood cells without organelles or genetic materials, almost all plant and animal cells contain cores Another example is that muscle cells usually have more mitochondria, because more energy is needed to keep muscle cells working effectively Structural researchers believe that the overall reason for organelle evolution is that cells can benefit from isolating many of the complex chemical reactions that take place inside them In plant and animal cells, each organelle is surrounded by its own membrane, which helps to realize the unit function One of the greatest benefits of this protection is that within the membrane encapsulation unit, changes in chemical conditions such as pH do not affect the entire cell Some organelles are so large that their shape and surface can be seen under an optical microscope These organelles include mitochondria and Golgi apparatus, as well as nuclei However, a closer look at them also requires an electron microscope In fact, it wasn't until researchers examined the structures through an electron microscope that they began to understand their function Energy production mitochondria are responsible for providing available energy in cells They can be found in most complex organisms, including fungi, plants and animals The main function of these structures is to produce molecules called adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is the main source of energy for animal and fungal cells and a secondary source for plants Mitochondria also have some additional functions, such as regulating cell metabolism and calcium storage Some organelles exist only in certain types of organisms Chloroplast is a typical example, only exists in plants and algae cells; chloroplast uses sunlight to produce glucose through a process called photosynthesis Another example is the carboxylase, which is found only in specific bacterial populations; the carboxylase allows bacteria to convert carbon into organic molecules that can be used for energy Protein production and DNA interaction Then Many organelles can communicate with each other They are either nearby or through chemical signals For example, endoplasmic reticulum is associated with Golgi apparatus, and these units are involved in the production of new proteins The new proteins are produced in the endoplasmic reticulum, then transferred to Golgi apparatus, modified and packaged and transferred to other parts of the cell Another example of this communication occurs between the nucleus and other organelles Although the nucleus and DNA are not physically linked to other cell structures, they communicate with the rest of the cell through protein signaling molecules The membrane that wraps the core controls what goes in and out of the structure by limiting the flow of specific proteins that can interact with the DNA strand Just as large organs can be affected by health problems, so can single organelles These structures are very important for cell function, which often lead to serious symptoms and even fatal when affected by diseases Organelle dysfunction can have extensive and unexpected results Endoplasmic reticulum dysfunction has been implicated in cystic fibrosis, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's chorea and Parkinson's disease The diseases affected by Golgi body include liver disease, mental disability, epilepsy and other congenital diseases Mitochondrial diseases can lead to a range of diseases ranging from digestive problems to blindness These diseases are difficult to treat because they usually involve all the congenital defects related to the damage of organelles.