What are pesticides?

1.
Basic knowledge of pesticides Pesticides refer to chemical synthesis used to prevent, eliminate or control diseases, pests, grasses and other harmful organisms that harm agriculture and forestry, and to purposefully regulate the growth of plants and insects or are derived from biological or other natural substances.
A substance or a mixture of several substances and their preparations
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## Improper use of pesticides or excessive pesticide application will cause serious pollution to the agricultural ecological environment and agricultural products, which will directly endanger human health
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(1) Classification of pesticides 1.
According to use: Pesticides can be divided into different uses-fungicides (fungicides, bactericides, antivirals, nematicides), insecticides (insecticides, acaricides) agent), rodenticides, plant and insect growth regulators, herbicides and the like
.
2.
According to source: Pesticides can be divided into chemically synthesized pesticides, biological pesticides (microbial pesticides, animal pesticides, plant pesticides), natural substances, etc.
according to their sources
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3, according to the role: according to different pesticides into action - contact insecticide, stomach poison, the absorption agents, fumigants, aerosols, specific agents (agents molting, sex pheromone) and the like
.
4.
According to composition: pesticides are divided into different components-organophosphorus pesticides, organonitrogen pesticides, organochlorine pesticides, carbamate pesticides, pyrethroid pesticides, biological pesticides, copper preparations, sulfur preparations, calcium preparations, mercury preparations , arsenic preparations, formulations fluorine, lead preparations
.
2.
Basic concepts of safe and reasonable use of pesticides (1) Safe interval: refers to the number of days between the last application of pesticides and the harvest period of crops
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The safety interval of pesticides can be formulated according to the toxicity and residual period of various pesticides
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"Regulations on the Safe Use of Pesticides" (2) "Three effects" of pesticides: After long-term use or exposure to a small amount of certain pesticides, animals will gradually show symptoms of chronic poisoning such as carcinogenic, teratogenic, and mutagenic effects
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(3) Drug resistance: refers to the characteristics of biological resistance to the action of drugs
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(4) Residue: Refers to the harmful chemical substances and their derivatives remaining in or out of animals, plants, and in the environment
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The mixing and alternating use of pesticides.
The mixing or alternating use of several pesticides has many advantages: it can reduce the frequency of application; the mixed pesticides can complement each other; it can prevent the development of disease and insect resistance; it has a synergistic effect; it can reduce the effect of certain pesticides.
Phytotoxicity of crops
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Find out the control objects.
Different control objects have different responses to pesticides.
For example, insects have a high natural resistance to dicofol, while mites are very sensitive; downy mildew is very sensitive to copper preparations, while showing resistance to sulfur preparations.
Medicinal properties
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In the control of pests, the resistance of larvae and adults is weak, while the resistance of eggs and pupae is strong
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It is important to understand the harmful habits of pests and diseases to improve the control effect
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The dorsal pests damage, borer, leaf, night out, transfer, and other underground, disease damage parts of a leaf, roots, rhizomes portion, vascular bundle
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Pay attention to environmental conditions A and temperature: For general medicines, when the temperature rises within a certain temperature range, the efficacy of the medicine increases
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However, the higher the temperature, the faster the agent decomposes or volatilizes, and the shorter the residual period
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When the temperature is high, it also increases the phytotoxicity of the medicament to crops and the toxic effect on humans and livestock
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B.
Rain: It is not advisable to spray on rainy days or on the eve of rain, because rain can wash away the sprayed medicament
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C.
Wind: Wind can speed up the volatilization and disappearance of the medicine, so it is not suitable to spray the medicine on windy days above level 3
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Safe use of medicines to prevent poisoning ①Pesticide harm to crops: improper use of pesticides will have an adverse effect on the growth and development of crops, thereby affecting the yield, quality, and even destruction of crops.
The phytotoxicity can be divided into acute phytotoxicity and chronic phytotoxicity.
Harm
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②Pesticide poisoning to beneficial organisms: A.
Killing natural enemies: Apply broad-spectrum insecticides to not only kill pests, but also a large number of natural enemies of pests.
Therefore, try to choose and treat as much as possible and oppose "spraying with insects without insects.
" Or the practice of spraying medicine when you see a bug
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B.
Killing pollinators: Pollinators play an important role in pollination and increase production of many plants
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If you don’t pay attention to the protection of pesticides in the field, a large number of pollinating insects will be killed, which will affect agricultural production.

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C.
Toxicity to humans and animals: Acute poisoning: refers to the symptoms of poisoning soon after swallowing or contacting a large amount of medicine
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Chronic poisoning: refers to the symptoms of poisoning gradually after long-term swallowing or exposure to a small amount of medicine
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Such as carcinogenicity, teratogenicity, mutagenicity
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The pesticides BHC, DDT, toxaphene, dibromochloropropane, dimethamidine, dibromoethane, herbicides, aldrin, spade's agent, mercury preparations, arsenic, lead, etc.
, which are explicitly prohibited by the state double enemy dry, fluoro acetylamino, Gan-fluoro-tetramine, sodium fluoroacetate, rodenticide silicon, methamidophos, methyl parathion, monocrotophos, phosphamidon the like
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Pesticides that are banned or restricted on melons and vegetables and Chinese medicinal materials: omethoate, phorate, methyl thiocyclophos, pyraphos, systemic phosphorus, carbofuran, aldicarb, methamphet, and thiocyclophos , Amanita muscaria phosphorus, fonofos, chloro Triazophos, fenamiphos, isofenphos-methyl, terbufos the like
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Among them, methamidophos, parathion, methyl parathion, monocrotophos and phosphoramine have been deregistered and their use in agriculture is completely prohibited
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Commonly used pollution-free pesticides recommended by the state (1) Insecticides and acaricides ① Biological agents and natural substances Bacillus thuringiensis, Plutella xylostella granulosa virus, Helicoverpa armigera nuclear polyhedrosis virus, matrine, azadirachtin, nicotine, rotenone , Cangulin, Abamectin, Spinosad, Liuyangmycin, Beauveria bassiana, Pyrethrin, Sulfur
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②Synthetic preparation A, pyrethroid deltamethrin, cyfluthrin, cyhalothrin, cypermethrin, bifenthrin, fenvalerate, fenvalerate, flumethrin
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B.
Carbamate thiodicarb, carbofuran, anti-aphicarb, isoprocarb, and sulfacarb
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C.
Organophosphate phoxim, chlorpyrifos, dichlorvos, malathion, acephate, dimethoate, triazophos, fenthion, fenthion, profenofos, diazinon, imiphos
.
D.
Insect growth regulators diflubenzuron, chlorfluazuron, flufenuron, flufenoxuron, diflubenzuron, Bubuzizione, hydrazine, Tebufenozide E, special acaricides pyridaben, tetramazine , Fenfenpyr-methyl, triazotin, propargyl, thiadione, fenbutatin, monoformamidine, bisformamidine
.
F.
Other Insecticides, Insecticides, Sultan, Avermectin, Acetamiprid, Imidacloprid, Cyromazine, Fipronil, Chlorfenapyr
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Bactericide ① Inorganic bactericide basic copper sulfate, king copper, copper hydroxide, cuprous oxide, lime sulphur mixture ② biological agent Jinggangmycin, Nongkang 120, proteoglycan, kasugamycin, polyoxin, Ningnanmycin, agricultural streptomycin
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③Synthetic preparations Zinc Mancozeb, Mancozeb, Thiram, Phosphoaluminium, Carbendazim, Thiophanate-methyl, Thiabendazole, Chlorothalonil, Triadimefon, Triadimenol, Diniconazole, Pentaconazole Conazole, hexaconazole, myclobutanil, ethenylcarb·thiophanate, procymidone, iprodione, propamocarb, dimethomorph·manganese zinc, cymoxanil·manganese zinc, o-allyl Phenol, pyrimethanil, flumorph, morpholinoguanidine hydrochloride, hymexazol, thiazide copper, prochloraz manganese salt, imazalil, amino oligosaccharin, metalaxyl manganese zinc, imidazole, spring ·King copper, oxazolidinone·Manganese zinc, fatty acid copper, copper rosinate, azoxystrobin
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2.
Problems in the use of pesticides.
The awareness of safe use of pesticides is weak.
When purchasing pesticides, only the control effect is considered, and the toxicity is not considered
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They have poor awareness of their own safety protection and do not take any safety protection measures during pesticide application and pesticide spraying
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The awareness of human and animal health protection is poor, and no signs or notices are made on the fields where the pesticides have been applied
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The environmental protection awareness is poor, and the used pesticide packaging (empty bottle bag) is discarded everywhere, and the remaining liquid medicine is everywhere, which pollutes the environment
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Lack of knowledge about the residues of agricultural products
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The effective ingredients and content of pesticides are not clear
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Illegal use of high-toxicity and other prohibited pesticides, some ignoring relevant national laws and regulations, arbitrary use of high-toxic and high-residue pesticides on vegetables, fruits, grains, oils, and Chinese medicinal materials, and some non-compliance with the safety interval to put agricultural products on the market in advance, or even just use drugs Subsequent to the market, causing a poisoning incident
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Article 27 of the Pesticide Management Regulation stipulates that “highly toxic and highly toxic pesticides shall not be used for the prevention and control of sanitary pests, and shall not be used for vegetables, fruits, tea and Chinese herbal medicine
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” Case: 2014 “Under Wangjiazhuang Street, Xiashan District, Weifang” The ginger farmers in more than 10 villages under the jurisdiction used a highly toxic event called “Shen Nong Dan” when planting ginger.
” It was because of the illegal use of high-grade ginger that is prohibited on fruits, tea, tobacco, vegetables, and Chinese herbal plants.
Aldicarb
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Increase the dosage and frequency of medication without authorization.
Many people in the prevention and treatment of diseases and insects, in order to ensure the prevention and control effect, they will fight at the sight of insects.
They often increase the frequency of medication consciously.
There is a phenomenon of using Taiping medicine, insurance medicine, and drug abuse
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When some illegal drug dealers peddled pesticides, they bundled up large prescriptions to mislead farmers to mix pesticides indiscriminately
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Some people are eager to prevent pests and diseases.
They are always worried about the varieties and dosages of the pesticides guided by the agricultural technology and plant protection departments.
They do not use the dosages in accordance with the label and always increase the varieties and dosages arbitrarily when applying the pesticides
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Indiscriminate use of mixed pesticides.
Some people hate that insects do not die.
Blindly compounding various pesticides indiscriminately not only increases the cost of prevention and control, but also easily causes phytotoxicity
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Therefore, “prescribe the right medicine” is the same for both humans and animals and plants.
Only scientific and reasonable formulation of pesticides can increase the control effect and reduce the cost.
However, blind mismatching will inevitably be counterproductive
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Improper application time and method: It has become a habit to spray at the sight of insects.
If you miss the best time for pest control, you have to increase the dosage and the frequency of control
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Medication time: Generally, the dew is not dry in the morning or it is not suitable for medication between 10 am and 16:00 pm, especially in the hot summer
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High temperature and phytotoxicity can easily cause suffocation of people and animals
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At the same time, in the hot weather in summer, pesticides sprayed on crops are easy to volatilize, and the expected control effect cannot be achieved
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Medication method: The place where the pests and diseases occur is different, and the medication method is different
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Regardless of the diseases and insects, some people use the same medicine
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When the pests are mainly on the front of the leaf, spray from top to bottom; when on the back of the leaf, spray from bottom to top
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When there are both sides, it is necessary to spray obliquely from the side or "turn up and down to buckle" to fully apply the medicine; when the root is diseased, it is necessary to use root irrigation and other application methods, which many people cannot grasp
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The channels for purchasing drugs are not formal.
Some people try to be cheaper and go to some individual vendors to buy drugs.
As a result, they spray a lot of drugs, but they are not effective
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Some unscrupulous self-employed people change labels or repackage pesticides with expired pesticides, mix them with fake pesticides, insufficient quantities, or sell low-quality pesticides or counterfeit pesticides.
As long as the profits are high, they will strongly recommend them to farmers
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Remind everyone to go to a regular pesticide sales office to buy medicines, and read the labels carefully before buying medicines.
All pesticides produced by regular manufacturers have "three certificates and two phases" (that is, pesticide registration certificate, production approval certificate, implementation standard, production date, and shelf life.
), with a clear name, address, and telephone number
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Pesticide placement is unsafe.
Some people leave pesticides at will, and accidents of poisoning by children accidentally ingested
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The empty bottles and bags after the pesticides are used up should be disposed of in time and must not be littered everywhere.
On the one hand, it pollutes the environment, on the other hand, it can easily cause poisoning of people, animals, and fish
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A safer place for pesticides should be set up at home, and the elderly and children should be reminded not to move around and store the herbicides separately
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Pesticide application equipment is outdated, pesticide utilization rate is low, pesticide application equipment is unqualified, disrepaired for a long time, poor degree of atomization, too much pesticide leakage, and uneven spraying liquids are common phenomena
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Now everyone’s spraying equipment is old, with a single nozzle, and the phenomenon of "running", "emerging", "dripping" and "leaking" is serious during use
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Large-volume, large-droplet sprays are generally used, and the use of chemical liquids can not form the best deposition distribution on the target crops, causing a large amount of loss, and the effective utilization rate of pesticides has been very low
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In the process of spraying, both mechanical and manual spraying have the problem of not meeting the technical requirements, and the problem of fast spraying or spraying on windy days has the problem of not spraying and leaking large areas.
, It does not meet the detailed and comprehensive requirements, so the protective film cannot be formed, and there is a phenomenon that the grass or disease spots do not shrink after the herbicide is sprayed
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The problem of herbicides In recent years, a large number of crops have been used, the amount of use is large, and the most problems occur, accounting for about half of the annual pesticide disputes.
The more prominent problems are: the migration of surrounding crops causes phytotoxicity; the increased use of pesticides causes phytotoxicity Produced; do not use pesticides in accordance with the crop and scope in the pesticide instructions; the amount of liquid used per mu is not enough
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That's it for today's introduction.
This article is for reference only.
Thank you for your reading and support
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