The Synthetic Routes of METHYL 2-HYDROXY-3-PYRAZINECARBOXYLATE

The synthesis of methyl 2-hydroxy-3-pyrazinecarboxylate, commonly referred to as methyl-2-hydrazide-3-carboxylate, is an important synthetic route in the chemical industry.
This compound is used in various applications, including as an intermediate in the production of pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and other chemical products.
There are several synthetic routes for the production of methyl 2-hydroxy-3-pyrazinecarboxylate, which can be broadly classified into two categories: natural fermentation and chemical synthesis.

1. Natural Fermentation:

Natural fermentation is a traditional method for the synthesis of methyl 2-hydroxy-3-pyrazinecarboxylate, which involves the use of microorganisms such as bacteria and yeast.
The microorganisms are typically fermented in a nutrient-rich medium, such as molasses or corn steep liquor, which contains the necessary substrates for the synthesis of the desired compound.
The fermentation process involves several steps, including the conversion of the substrate into a soluble intermediate, the conversion of the intermediate into methyl 2-hydroxy-3-pyrazinecarboxylate, and the excretion of the product into the fermentation broth.

The advantages of natural fermentation include the low cost of production, the ease of operation, and the high yield of product.
However, this method is limited by the slow growth rate of microorganisms, which can lead to a lengthy production cycle.
In addition, the quality of the product may vary depending on the strain of microorganisms used and the conditions of fermentation.

2. Chemical Synthesis:

Chemical synthesis is a more recent method for the production of methyl 2-hydroxy-3-pyrazinecarboxylate, which involves the use of chemical reactions and catalysts.
The chemical synthesis of this compound can be carried out using various methods, including the Strecker reaction, the Nagai reaction, and the Wolff-Kishner reduction.

The Strecker reaction is a commonly used method for the synthesis of methyl 2-hydroxy-3-pyrazinecarboxylate, which involves the condensation of malonic acid and cyanoacetic acid in the presence of a base, such as sodium hydroxide.
The reaction produces methyl 2-hydroxy-3-pyrazinecarboxylate, which can be isolated by acidification and filtration.

The Nagai reaction is another method for the synthesis of methyl 2-hydroxy-3-pyrazinecarboxylate, which involves the condensation of 2-amino-4-carbonylthiophenecarboxylic acid and malonic acid in the presence of a base, such as sodium hydroxide, and a chelating agent, such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA).
The reaction produces methyl 2-hydroxy-3-pyrazinecarboxylate, which can be isolated by acidification and filtration.

The Wolff-Kishner reduction is a method for the synthesis of methyl 2-hydroxy-3-pyrazinecarboxylate, which involves the reduction of 2-benzoxazolinone-3-carboxylic acid by means of hydrogen gas and a palladium catalyst.
The reaction produces methyl 2-hydroxy-3-pyrazinecarboxylate, which can be isolated by acidification and filtration.

The advantages of chemical synthesis include the high yield of product, the consistency of product quality, and the ease of scale-up.
However, this method is more expensive than natural fermentation, and the synthesis of methyl