The Synthetic Routes of Idarubicin hydrochloride

Idarubicin hydrochloride is an anthracycline chemotherapy drug that is primarily used to treat various types of cancer, including leukemia and lymphoma.
It is a synthetic compound that is derived from the natural product daunorubicin, which is extracted from the bacterium Streptomyces peucelericus.

The synthetic route to idarubicin hydrochloride typically involves several steps, including the synthesis of the anthranilic acid precursor and the conversion of this precursor into the final drug.
The synthesis of the anthranilic acid precursor typically involves the reaction of N-methylanthranilic acid with a diazo compound, such as nitrosonornicotinic acid, in the presence of a strong acid catalyst, such as sulfuric acid.
This reaction results in the formation of the anthranilic acid precursor, which can then be converted into idarubicin hydrochloride through a series of chemical transformations.

The conversion of the anthranilic acid precursor into idarubicin hydrochloride typically involves a series of chemical reactions, including the formation of the anthraquinone skeleton, the introduction of the hydroxyl group, and the formation of the final drug.
The anthraquinone skeleton is typically synthesized through the reaction of the anthranilic acid precursor with a reagent such as potassium anthraquinonate, in the presence of a strong acid catalyst, such as hydrochloric acid.
This reaction results in the formation of the anthraquinone skeleton, which can then be further transformed into the final drug through a series of chemical reactions.

Overall, the synthetic route to idarubicin hydrochloride involves a series of chemical reactions that are carried out in a sequence of steps.
These steps typically involve the synthesis of the anthranilic acid precursor, the conversion of this precursor into the anthraquinone skeleton, and the further transformation of the anthraquinone skeleton into the final drug.
The exact details of the synthetic route may vary depending on the specific manufacturing process and the starting materials used.