The Synthetic Routes of 6-PIPERIDINONICOTINIC ACID

6-Piperidinononic acid is an important organic compound that has a wide range of applications in the chemical industry.
It is used as a building block for the synthesis of various pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and other industrial chemicals.
The synthetic routes for 6-piperidinononic acid can be broadly classified into two categories: synthesis via macrocyclization and synthesis via microcyclization.

Synthesis via Macrocyclization

Macrocyclization is a process in which a series of chemical reactions are carried out to synthesize a large, ring-shaped molecule from smaller, linear molecules.
The synthesis of 6-piperidinononic acid via macrocyclization involves the following steps:

1. Preparation of the starting material: The synthesis of 6-piperidinononic acid begins with the preparation of the starting material, which is typically an aldehyde or a ketone.
   
2. Formation of the macrocycle: The next step is to form the macrocycle by condensing the starting material with another chemical compound, such as an malonate ester.
   This reaction is typically carried out in the presence of a strong acid catalyst, such as sulfuric acid.
   
3. Ring-closing metathesis: The macrocycle is then closed by carrying out a ring-closing metathesis reaction.
   This reaction involves the exchange of two substituents on the macrocycle, resulting in the formation of a Ring-closed molecule.
   This reaction is typically carried out in the presence of a metal catalyst, such as ruthenium or molybdenum.
   
4. Hydrolysis: Finally, the ring-closed molecule is hydrolyzed to produce 6-piperidinononic acid.
   This reaction is typically carried out in the presence of water and a base, such as sodium hydroxide.
   

Synthesis via Microcyclization

Microcyclization is a process in which a series of chemical reactions are carried out to synthesize a small, ring-shaped molecule from larger, linear molecules.
The synthesis of 6-piperidinononic acid via microcyclization involves the following steps:

1. Preparation of the starting material: The synthesis of 6-piperidinononic acid begins with the preparation of the starting material, which is typically an amide or a sulfonamide.
   
2. Formation of the microcycle: The next step is to form the microcycle by carrying out a series of chemical reactions, such as esterification, amidation, and condensation.
   These reactions are typically carried out in the presence of a strong acid catalyst, such as sulfuric acid.
   
3. Ring-closing metathesis: The microcycle is then closed by carrying out a ring-closing metathesis reaction, similar to the synthesis via macrocyclization.
   
4. Hydrolysis: Finally, the ring-closed molecule is hydrolyzed to produce 6-piperidinononic acid.
   This reaction is typically carried out in the presence of water and a base, such as sodium hydroxide.
   

Advantages and Limitations of Synthesis via Macrocyclization and Microcyclization

Both synthesis via macrocyclization and microcyclization have their advantages and limitations.
Synthesis via macrocyclization is typically more efficient and scalable, as it allows for the synthesis of large, ring-shaped molecules from smaller, linear molecules.
On the other hand, synthesis via microcyclization is typically more flexible and can be used to synthesize a wider range