The Synthetic Routes of 4-(Trifluoromethyl)-3-pyridinecarbonitrile

4-(Trifluoromethyl)-3-pyridinecarbonitrile, also known as 3-pyridinecarbonitrile, is a synthetic compound that is commonly used in the chemical industry.
This compound is synthesized through various chemical reactions, which can be broadly classified into two categories: organic and inorganic synthesis routes.

In organic synthesis, 3-pyridinecarbonitrile is synthesized through a variety of methods such as nitrile substitution reactions, pyridine substitution reactions, and condensation reactions.
The most commonly used method for the synthesis of 3-pyridinecarbonitrile is through the nitrile substitution reaction of 2-cyanoacetamide with potassium cyanide in the presence of a solvent such as water or ethanol.

In the first step of this reaction, 2-cyanoacetamide is treated with potassium cyanide in the presence of a solvent to form a complex, which is then treated with another equivalent of 2-cyanoacetamide to form 3-cyanopyridinecarboxamide.
This compound is then hydrolyzed using water to form 3-pyridinecarbonitrile.

Another method for the synthesis of 3-pyridinecarbonitrile is through the pyridine substitution reaction of 2-cyanoacetamide with sodium hydroxide in the presence of a solvent such as water or ethanol.
In this reaction, 2-cyanoacetamide is treated with sodium hydroxide to form 3-cyanopyridinecarboxamide, which is then treated with aqueous hydrochloric acid to form 3-pyridinecarbonitrile.

The third method for the synthesis of 3-pyridinecarbonitrile is through the condensation reaction of 2-cyanoacetamide and 3-cyanopyridine in the presence of a condensation agent such as dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) or hydrochloric acid.
In this reaction, 2-cyanoacetamide and 3-cyanopyridine are treated with the condensation agent to form the final product, 3-pyridinecarbonitrile.

In organic synthesis, the choice of synthesis route depends on various factors such as the cost, availability, and reactivity of the reagents used.
The advantages of the organic synthesis route for the synthesis of 3-pyridinecarbonitrile are that the yields of the product are generally high, and the reaction is relatively easy to perform.

Inorganic synthesis is another method for the synthesis of 3-pyridinecarbonitrile, which involves the use of inorganic compounds such as potassium cyanide, sodium hydroxide, and hydrochloric acid.
This method has several advantages over the organic synthesis route, including the absence of toxic reagents and the elimination of the need for protecting groups.

In inorganic synthesis, 3-pyridinecarbonitrile is synthesized through a variety of methods such as the direct reaction of potassium cyanide and sodium hydroxide, or the reaction of potassium cyanide with a persulphate salt in the presence of a solvent such as water or a polar solvent.

In the first method, potassium cyanide and sodium hydroxide are treated with each other to form 3-cyanopyridinecarboxamide, which is then treated with aqueous hydrochloric acid to form 3-pyridinecarbonitrile.

In the second method, potassium cyanide is treated with a persulphate salt in the presence of a solvent such as water or a polar solvent to form the final product, 3-