The Synthetic Routes of 2,3-DIHYDRO-3-OXO-4-PYRIDAZINECARBONITRILE

2,3-Dihydro-3-oxo-4-pyridazinencarbonitrile, commonly referred to as DOC, is a nitrogen-containing organic compound that has a wide range of applications in the chemical industry.
It is an important intermediate in the production of various chemicals, including pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and dyes.
The synthetic routes for DOC can be broadly classified into two categories: direct and indirect.

The direct synthetic route involves the reaction of cyanogen bromide with an amine, such as monoethanolamine, to form the corresponding nitrile, which is then hydrolyzed to produce DOC.
However, this route has been largely replaced by more efficient and safer methods.

The indirect synthetic route involves the reaction of a submitotic aldehyde, such as glyoxal, with hydrazine to form the corresponding hydrazone, which is then reduced to produce DOC.
This route is more economical and safer than the direct route.

One of the most important methods for the synthesis of DOC is the indirect route, which involves the following steps:

1. Preparation of the submitotic aldehyde: Glyoxal, a readily available starting material, is converted into the submitotic aldehyde through a series of chemical reactions.
   
2. Formation of the hydrazone: The submitotic aldehyde is reacted with hydrazine in the presence of a base, such as sodium hydroxide, to form the corresponding hydrazone.
   
3. Reduction of the hydrazone: The hydrazone is reduced to DOC by treating it with a reducing agent, such as hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst, such as palladium on barium carbonate.
   

This indirect route is widely used in the industry due to its high yield and ease of operation.
The use of glyoxal as the starting material allows for the synthesis of DOC in a single step, making the process more efficient and cost-effective.
The reduction step can be carried out using hydrogen or other reducing agents, such as hydrazine, to yield the desired product.

The synthetic routes for DOC have been extensively studied, and several variations of the above methods have been developed.
For example, the use of other nitriles, such as acetonitrile or propionitrile, in place of cyanogen bromide can lead to the formation of the corresponding nitrile via a different mechanism.
Similarly, the use of different reducing agents, such as sodium borohydride, can also affect the yield and purity of the product.

The demand for DOC has been increasing rapidly due to its broad range of applications in the pharmaceutical and agrochemical industries.
As a result, the development of more efficient and cost-effective synthetic routes for DOC is of great importance to these industries.

In conclusion, the synthetic routes for 2,3-dihydro-3-oxo-4-pyridazinencarbonitrile are critical to the chemical industry, as they provide a viable means of producing this important intermediate.
The indirect route, which involves the use of glyoxal as the starting material, is the most widely used method due to its high yield and ease of operation.
However, there is still room for improvement in these routes, and further research is needed to develop more efficient and economical methods for the synthesis of DOC.