The role of micro-ecological feed additives.

micro-ecological feed additives have the advantages of safe, effective, non-polluting, non-resistance, no residue, and have great prospects for development. In the process of animal and poultry breeding, the research and development of micro-ecological feed additives has achieved positive results, but in the process of using micro-ecological preparations, due to their characteristics and methods of use are not known, often not achieve the desired results. The author summarizes the role of micro-ecological feed additives in the nutritional regulation of livestock and poultry and the precautions of use.
iuQ .Micro-ecological feed additives Livestock breeding
iuQhuman research on microbial flora has been around for a long time, metchnikoff used yogurt in 1907 to adjust diarrhea and enteritis in livestock; In the 1960s and 1980s, experimental zoologists introduced a single bacteria and a variety of bacteria into sterile animals, and made a series of studies on the relationship between their physiological function, bacteria and bacteria, bacteria and host. In 1974, Parker used probiotics for feed additives, and then the search for substances to promote the growth and reproduction of probiotics began one after another, a variety of micro-ecological agents in the market is increasing, micro-ecological agents research and development gradually embarked on the road of industrialization.
iuQ .Micro-ecological preparation, also known as probiotics, live bacteria preparations, etc., it is under the guidance of micro-ecological balance theory, micro-ecological imbalance theory, micro-ecological nutrition theory and micro-ecological control theory, artificial separation of normal bacteria, and through special processes made of live bacteria preparations, it is composed of many beneficial microorganisms and their metabolites, can be fed directly to animals, and can effectively promote the regulation of micro-ecological balance of animals a kind of additives. Micro-ecological agents are safe, effective, non-polluting and non-resistant, and as an alternative to antibiotics will play an important role in the feed industry. There are wideapplications in livestock and poultry production.
iuQ .1. Nutritional ecological regulation
iuQ 1.1 The development and structure of the digestive tract and beneficial flora of young animals
the development and structure of the micro-ecological preparations of the iuQsome of the promoters can promote the growth of the digestive tract by stimulating the growth of beneficial bacteria or using their own metabolites. For example, oligosaccharides can be used to promote the growth of colon mucosa using the short-chain fatty acids they produce. The composition of the digestive tract flora of young animals has been in the process of continuous dynamic change, until the fertilization period, only gradually stabilized. The process from embryo to birth of young animals from embryo to birth is from sterile to sterile. Genetic factors only have 50% effect on the structure of the gut microbiome, and the remaining 50% is the result of external factors and animal body effects. Therefore, the proper use of micro-ecological preparations can make beneficial bacteria to be effectively replenished, so that beneficial bacteria in the number and force strength of the absolute advantage, beneficial bacteria breeding and metabolism can greatly inhibit the growth and reproduction of pathogens, so as to maintain the positive balance of the flora, effectively prevent the imbalance of the flora. Adding yeast to feed can promote the growth and activity of gastric microorganisms of yak tumor, increase the total number of anaerobic bacteria, and increase the number of cellulose fermentation bacteria significantly. After the birth of piglets, the number of bacteria in the digestive tract is relatively small, according to the principle of microbiome advantage, vaccination of probiotics is easy to occupy an advantage in the intestines, and inhibit the invasion and reproduction of harmful bacteria. Shi Baoming and others (2000) added probiotics to piglets' daily grain, piglets' guts caused by a large number of beneficial bacteria, the body environment has been significantly improved, the rate of diarrhea decreased.
iuQ .1.2 Produces organic acids, promotes the absorption of nutrients and activates enzymes
iuQprobiotics in its growth and reproduction process can produce acetic acid, procithase acid, butyric acid and other volatile fatty acids, especially Lactobacillus and Streptococcus produce lactic acid, can reduce the pH value of the animal intestine, make the intestinal acidification, improve the utilization rate of iron, calcium, phosphorus, promote vitamin E and iron absorption, and activate the nutrients. This is important for newborn livestock, which helps to maintain the inner environment of the digestive tract of newborn livestock and promotes the digestion and absorption of nutrients. Propylene acid is involved in the triainal acid cycle, providing energy for animal metabolism. Bifidobacteria have a high metabolic capacity, can use urea nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen, synthetic microbial protein or converted into ammonium ions, which is important to regulate the use of animal protein sources.
iuQ .1.3 Produces a variety of digestive enzymes, promotes nutrient absorption, improves feed utilization
iuQmicro-ecological agents can promote the digestion rate of animalfeeds, mainly many feeding microorganisms in the digestive tract can produce amylase, lipase and protease and other digestive enzymes. These enzymes can destroy the cell wall of plant feed cells, release nutrients, and to a certain extent to eliminate the anti-nutrient factors in feed, reduce the obstacles to animal digestion and utilization, supplement the deficiency of animal endoenzymes, promote the secretion of endoenzymes, improve the activity of endoenzymes, thereby speeding up the digestion and absorption of nutrients, improve the digestion utilization rate of feed. Zhang Xiaomei et al. (1999) reported that after shelling of chicks feeding different types of micro-ecological agents can increase the activity of certain digestive enzymes in serum and intestines. Bacillus spores can produce phytoase during growth and reproduction, which promotes the use of phosphorus and the absorption of fat. After spores are formed, they produce highly active amylase and neutral proteases (both enzymes associated with spore formation), which degrade certain complex carbohydrates and other difficult-breaking components in plant feed, releasing nutrients that can be absorbed by animals. In addition, due to the acid production mechanism of some beneficial bacteria, the acidity of the stomach is reduced, so that the activity of gastric protease in the body increases, but also can feedback to promote pancreatic secretion, increase the amount of digestive fluid secretion, and thus achieve the goal of improving feed utilization.
iuQ .1.4 Colonies provide animals with nutrients directly
iuQ many probiotic products, the bacteria themselves contain a large number of nutrients, such as photosynthesis bacteria containing proteins, crude protein up to more than 60%, but also contains a variety of vitamins, calcium, phosphorus and a variety of trace elements; Good thermal stability, to add yeast and its metabolites to egg-laying chicken diet, production can be significantly improved, probiotics in the growth and reproduction process can produce high vitamin B1, vitamin B2, vitamin B6, vitamin C and various amino acids, for the animal intestines to provide vitamin nutrition and protein, and can produce nucleic acid, is the main source of nucleic acid. Bifidobacteria not only produce these vitamins, but also inhibit certain vitamin breakdown bacteria to protect the supply of vitamins.
iuQ .　　1.5 Affects the metabolism of nitrogen
iuQ micro-ecological preparations added to ruminant feed, can promote a large number of protein sein in the stomach to break down bacteria and cilia caterpillar spawning, these microorganisms on the one hand can break down the protein in the feed, on the other hand, can use the feed nitrogen source, synthetic bacteria protein, as a source of animal protein supply. The former has adverse effects on the use of high-quality protein in animals, while the latter is beneficial to the use of non-protein nitrogen in feed. Kellems (1990) has shown that a mixture of yeast and misomel increases the degradation of proteins in the stomach and increases ammonia production. Willims (1991) reported that when feeding ruminant yeast preparations, selectively stimulates the growth of anaerobic bacteria, causing changes in amino acids in the duodenum. In modern animal husbandry, the use of protected tumor stomach protein, prevent tumor gastric microorganisms to break down high-quality protein, at the same time, the use of urea and other non-protein nitrogen sources for microbial synthesis bacteria protein can effectively save high-quality protein source, make full use of non-protein nitrogen to reduce production costs. Intestinal microbes in non-ruminants also have a dual role.
iuQ .　　1.6 The ability to promote microbial reproduction and activity, affect the metabolism of sugars
iuQ cellulose and hemicellulose decomposing bacteria in the tumor stomach can produce cellulose asase, which can break down cellulose and hemicellulose. Part of the cilia also breaks down cellulose, hemicellulose and pectin. The powerful decomposition of these microorganisms allows ruminants to make extensive use of coarse feeds with high fiber content. Many cellulose and hemicellulose decomposition bacteria, as well as starch decomposition bacteria, have the ability to break down starch. Most cilia can also feed and ferment starch. The addition of micro-ecological agents can promote the decomposition and metabolism of carbohydrates in the body, affect the endogenous and external sugar metabolism of microecological communities in the body, and the results of their metabolic activities nourish the above-mentioned bacteria, promote their growth, thus further playing their nutritional role in the host body. Micro-ecological agents indirectly affect the metabolism of sugar yonitas in the host body by regulating microecological communities in the body. Dawson and others used pure culture techniques to screen out yeasts that stimulate the growth of tumor stomach cellulose decomposition bacteria and lactate sprates.
iuQ .　　In short, because some probiotics can produce amino oxidase and the enzymes that break down hydrogen sulfide, the ferns can be oxidized into non-toxic, harmless substances, thereby reducing the concentration and odor of ammonia gas, hydrogen sulfide in livestock houses, and reducing environmental pollution. And can use a large number of intestinal bacteria produced by the nitrogen, hydrogen sulfide, amine and other nitrogen-containing harmful substances, inhibit the production of amine corrupt bacteria, reduce the intestinal nitro reductase, nitrogen reductase, beta glucosacine assase activities, to prevent the production of harmful toxins. Therefore, the nutritional ecological regulation of micro-ecological agents become the development of green animal husbandry, the production of green products, that is, micro-ecological preparations in the application of feed for food safety has opened up a bright prospect, but in the actual production should consider the specific situation, targeted selection of strong nutritional characteristics of strains, while paying attention to its use methods, so that the nutritional ecological regulation of products to maximize the role.
iuQ .　　2. Micro-ecological preparations use precautions
iuQ 2.1 selective use, enhance targeted
iuQ micro-ecological preparations are many kinds, but the efficacy is different, such as fecal streptococcus in the digestive tract growth speed, and can also secrete E. coli interferon, so the preparation is the best effect in preventing and controlling diarrhea. And Bacillus spores can not reproduce in the intestines, the treatment of diarrhea effect is poor, the use of micro-ecological preparations should have a purpose, in general, to prevent disease, should choose lactic acid bacteria, Bifidobacteria and other lactic acid preparations;
iuQ .　　2.2 The use of compound and solid-state preparations
iuQ a single species preparation is easy to use, easy to produce, but its role is limited, in fact, the use of microbial agents for healthy breeding, often the pursuit of its improved water quality, regulation of flora, improve feed utilization, growth, disease resistance and other aspects of the role, these effects can not be completed, the use of high-quality compound preparations to achieve the above-mentioned objectives.
iuQ .　　2.3 The use of micro-ecological agents should have sufficient concentration, and to continue to use
iuQ micro-ecological agents mainly through competitive inhibition of other microorganisms to achieve, only beneficial microbial bacteria in the appropriate environment to form an dominant microflora, in order to effectively inhibit the growth of harmful microorganisms, therefore, the first use and replacement material use must be sufficient and adhere to long-term continuous use, in order to achieve the best results. However, micro-ecological preparation is not the use of the larger dose of the better, as an immune enhancer micro-ecological agent in the feed should not be added a large amount, can be added in small amount, continuous use.
iuQ .　　2.4 The use of micro-ecological agents should take into account environmental conditions
iuQ micro-ecological agents in micro-ecological preparations microbial bacteria need certain environmental conditions for growth and reproduction, therefore, should be used according to the ecological characteristics of various micro-ecological agents. For example, photosynthesis bacteria must have a certain amount of light, humidity and temperature to grow and reproduce, therefore, in cloudy, rainy days, nightcants can not use photosynthesis bacteria, should be used on sunny days.
iuQ .　　2.5 According to the physiological stage of the physiological stage of the breeding object scientific use of micro-ecological preparations
iuQ the use of micro-ecological preparations should be early, especially intestinal microorganisms, should be used in young animals, at this time the animal slowly grows, the number of micro-organisms in the intestines is small, the use of micro-ecological preparations easy to plant to form an advantage of the flora, inhibit the growth and reproduction of pathogens, reduce the incidence of disease.
iuQ .　　2.6 can not be used with antibiotics, etc.
iuQ micro-ecological preparations can not be used with antibiotics, disinfectants and Chinese herbal medicine with antibacterial effects, otherwise, live bacteria will be killed or inhibited, weakened or lost the role of micro-ecological agents. Therefore, in the growth cycle after the use of micro-ecological preparations, it is best not to use antibacterial agents or disinfectants, after the use of antibacterial agents, the drug life is not appropriate to use micro-ecological agents. In addition, in the process of using micro-ecological preparations, we should also pay attention to its shelf life and storage at the appropriate temperature, before use to carry out pre-testing, and in the appropriate microbial species growth temperature and different roles of microorganisms should be cross-used.
iuQ .　　In short, micro-ecology in the pig industry has broad prospects for application, with obvious effect. However, micro-ecological preparations can only be based on preventive effect, in the use of comprehensive consideration, scientific use in order to achieve the desired effect.
iuQ
micro-ecological feed additives have the advantages of safety, effectiveness, non-pollution, non-resistance, no residue, and have great prospects for development. In the process of animal and poultry breeding, the research and development of micro-ecological feed additives has achieved positive results, but the actual use of micro-ecological preparations in the process, due to it.