The Production Process of 4-Amino-1,7-dihydro-6H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine-6-thione

The production process of 4-amino-1,7-dihydro-6H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine-6-thione, also known as Penicillamine, is a complex chemical process that involves several steps.
Penicillamine is an organic compound with the chemical formula C8H12N8S2.
It is used in the production of antibiotics and dyes, and has been shown to have potential applications in the pharmaceutical industry.

The production process of Penicillamine can be divided into several stages, each with its own set of challenges and considerations.
In this article, we will take a closer look at each stage of the production process and the factors that must be taken into account in order to ensure a successful outcome.

Stage 1: Synthesis of N-Formyl-N-(2-chloroacetamide) Anthranilic Acid

The production of Penicillamine begins with the synthesis of N-Formyl-N-(2-chloroacetamide) Anthranilic Acid, which is a key intermediate in the production process.
This compound is synthesized by reacting Anthranilic Acid with 2-chloroacetamide in the presence of an alkali metal hydroxide, such as sodium hydroxide.
The reaction is carried out in a well-ventilated area, and the resulting mixture is allowed to cool to room temperature before being neutralized with hydrochloric acid.

Stage 2: Reduction of N-Formyl-N-(2-chloroacetamide) Anthranilic Acid

The next step in the production of Penicillamine is the reduction of N-Formyl-N-(2-chloroacetamide) Anthranilic Acid to form N-(2-chloroacetyl) Anthranilic Acid.
This is achieved by reacting the intermediate compound with hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst, such as palladium on barium sulfate.
The reaction is carried out at a hydrogen pressure of 50-100 psi and a temperature of 50-80°C.

Stage 3: Deamination of N-(2-chloroacetyl) Anthranilic Acid

In the third stage of the production process, N-(2-chloroacetyl) Anthranilic Acid is deaminated to form N-Acetyl-N-(2-chloroacetyl) Anthranilic Acid.
This is achieved by reacting the compound with ammonia in the presence of a strong acid catalyst, such as sulfuric acid.
The reaction is carried out at a temperature of 70-90°C.

Stage 4: Dehydrogenation of N-Acetyl-N-(2-chloroacetyl) Anthranilic Acid

The next step in the production process is the dehydrogenation of N-Acetyl-N-(2-chloroacetyl) Anthranilic Acid to form N-(2-chloroacetyl)-N-(2-hydroxyethyl) Anthranilic Acid.
This is achieved by reacting the compound with hydrogen gas in the presence of a catalyst, such as platinum on barium sulfate.
The reaction is carried out at a hydrogen pressure of 50-100 psi and a temperature of 80-100°C.

Stage 5: Hydrolysis of N-(2-chloroacetyl)-N-(2-hydroxyethyl) Anthranilic Acid

In the final stage of the production process, N-(2-chloroacetyl)-N-(2-hydroxyethyl) Anthranilic Acid is hydrolyzed to form Pen