The Production Process of 2-Chloro-5-nitropyrimidine in the Chemical Industry: An Overview

2-Chloro-5-nitropyrimidine, commonly referred to as CAP, is a crucial intermediate in the production of several pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals.
It is a yellowish-brown solid that is highly soluble in water and organic solvents.
The chemical formula for CAP is C5H10ClN3O2.

The production process for CAP involves several steps, from the preparation of the raw materials to the final product.
In this article, we will take a detailed look at the production process for CAP in the chemical industry.

Step 1: Preparation of Raw Materials

The first step in the production of CAP is the preparation of the raw materials.
The main raw material used in the production of CAP is urea, which is a commercially available compound that is used as a fertilizer and in the production of other chemicals.

To prepare the raw materials, a urea solution is first prepared by dissolving urea in water.
This solution is then treated with a strong acid, such as sulfuric acid, to generate the needed nitrogen and carbon atoms.
The resulting mixture is then treated with ammonia to convert the carbon atoms into the needed functional groups.

Step 2: Condensation Reaction

The next step in the production of CAP is the condensation reaction, which involves the condensation of the amino nitrogen and the carbonyl sulfide groups to form a primary amine.
This reaction is carried out in the presence of a condensing agent, such as 2-chloro-5-nitrobenzenesulfonic acid or N-chlorosuccinimide, and a solvent, such as dimethylformamide or dimethylacetamide.

The condensation reaction is carried out at high temperatures, typically between 80°C and 120°C, and with vigorous stirring to ensure that the reaction mixture is well mixed.
The reaction is typically complete within 24 hours, after which the resulting product is isolated and purified.

Step 3: Hydrolysis Reaction

The third step in the production of CAP is the hydrolysis reaction, which involves the hydrolysis of the primary amine to form the final product.
This reaction is carried out in the presence of a base, such as sodium hydroxide, and a solvent, such as water or dioxane.

The hydrolysis reaction is typically carried out at temperatures between 50°C and 70°C, and the reaction is complete within 24 hours.
After the reaction is complete, the resulting product is filtered and washed with water to remove any impurities.

Step 4: Purification

After the hydrolysis reaction, the final product is typically contaminated with impurities, such as excess amino groups, sulfuric acid, and other by-products.
To remove these impurities, the final product is purified using several different techniques, such as recrystallization, gel filtration, and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).

Recrystallization involves dissolving the final product in a solvent, such as water or ethanol, and allowing the solvent to slowly evaporate.
This process can remove impurities that have a higher solubility in the solvent than the final product.

Gel filtration involves passing the final product through a column packed with a gel-like substance, such as agarose or dextran.
This process can remove impurities that have a larger molecular weight than the final product.

HPLC involves passing the final product