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Morphine is a representative analgesic drugs, opioid receptors can be excited, the central nervous system, heart vascular system and visceral smooth muscle to produce a wide range of pharmacological effects
.
Heart blood vessels
Central Nervous System
CentralNervous SystemCentral Nervous SystemAnalgesia, sedation, euphoria: The analgesic effect of morphine is characterized by:
Analgesia, sedation, euphoria:①Strong selectivity, relieve or eliminate pain after medication, but have no effect on other sensations (such as touch, hearing, sight, etc.
), movement, consciousness, etc.
;
②Strong analgesic effect, effective for all kinds of pain;
③The effect on persistent dull pain is stronger than intermittent sharp pain and visceral colic
.
Morphine can not only analgesic, but also has obvious sedative effects.
Inhibition of breathing : A therapeutic amount of morphine can inhibit breathing, slowing down the respiratory rate, reducing lung ventilation and tidal volume, and having a longer-lasting effect
.
The degree of respiratory depression is parallel to the dose of morphine, and the increase in the dose will increase the degree of depression on the respiratory center.
Suppress breathing
Antitussive: Morphine can directly inhibit the cough center and produce a powerful antitussive effect
.
However, because it is prone to dependence, the clinically used codeine, which is less dependent, is used instead
Antitussive:
Others: Morphine can excite the pretectal nucleus and the oculomotor nerve nucleus, causing the pupils to shrink, and needle-like pupils may appear when poisoned
.
Excitement of opioid receptors in the medulla oblongata chemosensory zone (CTZ), causing nausea and vomiting
other:
Cardiovascular System
Cardiovascular systemCardiovascular systemMorphine has no significant effect on people's supine position blood pressure, heart rate and heart rhythm, but orthostatic hypotension can occur when the patient turns from the supine position to the upright position
.
This is related to acting on opioid receptors in the nucleus tractus solitarius oblongata and promoting the release of histamine and making blood vessels dilate
smooth muscle
Smooth muscleGastrointestinal smooth muscle : Morphine excited gastrointestinal smooth muscle and sphincter, so that the tension increase, motility inhibiting, delaying by gastrointestinal contents, combined with digestive fluid secretion and central inhibition reduce it intended to cause slow, thus causing constipation)
Gastrointestinal smooth muscle tension digestionBiliary smooth muscle : A therapeutic dose of morphine can cause contraction of the smooth muscle of the biliary tract and the sphincter of Oddi, increase the internal pressure of the gallbladder, cause discomfort in the upper abdomen, and even induce biliary colic
.
Others : Morphine can excite the smooth muscle of the ureter, and the therapeutic amount of morphine can also increase the tension of the bladder sphincter and cause urinary retention
.
Large doses also have a contraction effect on bronchial smooth muscles and aggravate asthma
other
Immune system
Immune SystemImmune System ImmuneMorphine has an inhibitory effect on the immune system, including inhibiting lymphocyte proliferation, reducing the secretion of cytokines, and weakening the cytotoxic effect of natural killer cells
.
It can also suppress the immune response induced by the human immune virus (HVI) protein, which may be the main reason why morphine users are susceptible to HVI virus
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