The new version of the "Feed Hygiene Standard" has been officially implemented on May 1, and 7 major aspects should be noted

Regarding the necessity and general content of the revision, people in the industry have seen a lot and will not repeat

The types of mycotoxins involved in the old version include aflatoxin B1, ochrex toxin A, zearalenone, T-2 toxin, and Fusarium deoxysoxin (hereinafter referred to as vomitoxin), a total of five toxins, and in addition to the adjustment of the limit standards and applicable objects of the five toxins, the new version has also added another vomatoxin (B1+ B2).

Aflatoxin B1

Limiting criteria for aflatoxin in the old version

Limit criteria for aflatoxin in the new version

In the new standard, the limit standard for corn processing products and peanut cake (meal) is 50 ppb, while the limit standard for other plant raw materials is reduced from 50 ppb to 30 ppb (including corn), increasing the limit standard for vegetable oils and fats (10-20 ppb).

The new standard requires the limit of vegetable oils and fats, corn and peanuts themselves are a type of feed raw materials that are more susceptible to contamination of aflatoxin, and aflatoxins in the processed vegetable oils are also easy to enrich

The standards for piglets, meat and poultry have not changed, and the limit standards for dairy cow concentrate supplements are assigned to the concentrate supplements during the lactation period, so that the limit requirements will be directly extended to other animals, including lactating sheep and lactating sows

Judging from the limit standards for aflatoxin, the new standards classify various raw materials and feed products in more detail, expand the limited categories, and further ensure the safety of

T-2 toxin

T-2 toxin is a sesquiterpene compound, and a variety of crop pathogenic bacteria in nature can produce T-2 toxins, most of which come from Fusarium species, such as Fusarium trilinearum, Fusarium mycobacterium, etc

T-2 toxin directly irritates the skin and mucous membranes, and can penetrate the epithelial tissue, the general clinical symptoms after poisoning are anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea, etc.

Limiting criteria for T-2 toxins in the old version

Limit criteria for T-2 toxins in the new version

T-2 toxin increases the limit in plant feed raw materials; Pig compound feed and poultry compound feed are expressed as pig and poultry compound feed, and the limit standard is reduced to 0.

Ochratoxin A

Ochrex toxin is a group of structurally similar secondary metabolites produced by Aspergillus ochre, Penicillium verrucosa, Penicillium verrucosa and several others, of which ochrex toxin A (OTA) is the most

Limit criteria for ochratoxin A in the old version

The new version of the limit standard for ochratoxin A

The overall change in ochratoxin A was little, simply expanding corn into a grain and its processed products

At present, there are many studies on T-2 toxin and ochratoxin A in the industry, but it is mainly in the

Sichuan Nongda Zhang Ziqiang tested 1013 samples of main feed raw materials and products from seven provinces in the country, and measured the content of T-2 toxin and ochrex toxin A, from the test results, the detection rate of T-2 toxin was 96.

Jiang Yuhan of Nanjing Agricultural University tested maize samples from northwest, northeast, north And southwest China, and the results showed that the detection rate and average content of ochratoxin A and T-2 toxins were low, and the maximum values detected were lower than the limit values

Therefore, from the perspective of the above content, feed companies do not need to worry about

Zearalenone

Zearalenone (ZEN), also known as F-2 toxin, has estrogen-like effects that primarily harm the reproductive system
of animals.
The main toxin-producing strain is Fusarium graminearum
.
Crops such as maize, wheat, oats and barley are susceptible to zearalenone contamination
.
Pigs, especially gilts, are most sensitive
to zearalenone toxin.

Limited standard for zearalenone in the old version

Limited standard for zearalenone in the new version

The limit standard for corn erythrenone has changed greatly, and the old standard only marked the compound feed, and the limit standard for corn is 0.
5ppm, while the new standard has a very detailed classification
of it.
The new standard stipulates the limit standard of feed raw materials, compared with the original standard, it can be said that it has been relaxed, such as corn husk corn lees and other product limits relaxed to 1.
5ppm, other plant feed raw materials relaxed to 1ppm
.
However, the limit standards for feed products are much stricter
.

The standard of the original compound feed is 0.
5ppm, while in the existing standard, the limit standard for piglet compound feed is 0.
15ppb, the standard for young sow compound feed is 0.
1ppm, the standard for other pig compound feed is 0.
25ppm, and the standard for calves, lambs, lactation-stage concentrate supplements and other compounds is unchanged at 0.
5ppm
.

Sows, especially gilts, are more sensitive to zearalenone, and feed companies are particularly concerned about
this toxin.
The limit of corn gibberellone in the original standard is 0.
5ppm, and according to the current experimental data, corn erythroenone will appear more than 250ppm of the sow's vulva redness and swelling, which has a great impact on reproductive performance, and at the same time, in the case of low ZEN content, it will also affect the reproductive performance
of sows.
Therefore, the formulation of this standard is more scientific and rigorous
than the original standard.

So what
is the pollution situation of zearalenone in recent years.
How should we prevent and control the pollution of corn erythrodenone, Xiaobian cited some survey data in the industry to answer
in detail for everyone.

The Feed Quality Supervision and Inspection and Testing Center of the Ministry of Agriculture (Chengdu) tested mycotoxins on maize and maize by-products in 27 provinces across the country, and the detection rate of maize erythrenone toxin in raw corn was 44.
7%, the rate exceeding the standard was 7.
72% (500 ppb standard), and the detection rate of maize by-products was 85.
5% and the excess rate was 40.
4%.

。 In 2014, the detection rate of corn gibberene ketrenone in southwest China was 100%, piglet feed exceeded 100 ppb standard to 9.
5%, and gilt feed exceeded 100 ppb standard to reach 10%.

The detection rate of maize erythrodenone in egg and poultry compound feed in southwest China reached 94.
74%, exceeding the limit of 500 ppb to reach 3.
16%, the detection rate of maize erythrodenone in meat and poultry
compound feed reached 85%, and exceeding the limit of 500 ppb standard reached 5%.

The following table is based on a comprehensive analysis of the 2016 test data
.
The excess rate here is calculated according to the standard of
500ppb.

——Data source Jiangsu O'Mai Mycotoxin Research Center

(The limit exceeding the standard here is 500ppb)

——Data source Jiangsu O'Mai Mycotoxin Research Center

(The limit exceeding the standard here is 500ppb)

According to the analysis of raw material standards, the pollution of corn erythroenone in feed raw materials in recent years is not serious, but the new health standards have made strict limits on corn erythroenone in pig feed
.
Therefore, enterprises need to pay special attention to the control of raw materials, especially feed enterprises
that make sow feed.
Considering the uneven distribution of mycotoxins, even if the purchased raw materials are qualified, the finished feed products produced are likely to exceed the toxin standard, thus becoming unqualified products
.
Exceeding the standard is likely to make their enterprises on the feed sampling unqualified list, which brings great losses to the corporate brand image
.

At present, most feed enterprises are difficult to make an accurate determination of the content of corn erythrenone due to some conditions, and the quality
of raw materials cannot be guaranteed by conventional quality control methods.
At present, the mainstream of the detection methods that can read in the industry are liquid phase and ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) methods, the former is time-consuming and expensive, the equipment is expensive, and it requires professional operation; Although the latter can be detected relatively quickly, the cost of individual tests can be as high as hundreds of yuan (each measurement requires the development of a standard curve
).
Therefore, fast, easy and affordable mycotoxin detection reading equipment will be the focus
of the industry in the next few years.
Jiangsu Omei did not know the foreboding, and began to do the evaluation
of mycotoxin rapid detection reading equipment in 2014.
At present, Omar has jointly launched a mycotoxin fluorescence quantitative rapid detection equipment with Shanghai Feiji Bio, which has the advantages of fast, simple, accurate and quantitative, which can determine the mycotoxin content of feed raw materials within 8 minutes, and the items that can detect readings include aflatoxin, zearalenone, vomitoxin, T-2 toxin, fumigatus toxin and ochratoxin
.
The cost of testing a single sample is about
30 yuan.
The equipment can effectively reduce the cost of testing, provide convenience
for feed enterprises to strictly control the quality of raw materials and ensure the safety of feed products.
Later, we will also launch the introduction instructions
of the device on the WeChat public account.

Vomiting toxin

Limiting criteria for vomitin in the old version

Limit criteria for vomitoxin in the new version

The limit standard for beef and poultry compound feed has been increased from the original 5 ppm to 3 ppm, increasing the limits of plant feed raw materials, calves, lambs, lactating concentrate supplements and other concentrate supplements
.

Vomitoxin has always been the focus of attention in the feed industry in recent years, and due to the impact of climate anomalies and the spread of gibberellosis in recent years, the pollution situation of vomitoxin is also more serious
.
The new standard reduces the limit standard of 5 ppm for beef and poultry compound feed in the original standard to 3 ppm, and the requirements are more stringent
.
Another important point is that the new standard stipulates the limit standard of plant feed raw materials, and there is no such provision in the original standard, and according to the data learned by Xiaobian, the mycotoxin testing laboratory of Jiangsu Aomei often detects samples
of DDGS, wheat bran, secondary powder and other raw materials exceeding 5ppm.
Therefore, feed enterprises and raw material supply enterprises need to pay special attention to increase the detection of raw materials and reduce the risk
of vomitoxin exceeding the standard.

What has been the status of vomitoxin contamination in recent years?

The Feed Quality Supervision, Inspection and Testing Center of the Ministry of Agriculture (Chengdu) conducted an investigation
of mycotoxin contamination of wheat feed raw materials in 2013.
The detection rate of vomitoxin in wheat reached 89%, the excess rate was 22% (1ppm standard), and the detection rate of wheat by-products reached 94.
8%, and the exceedance rate was 44.
8%.

In 2014, the detection rate of vomitoxin in piglet feed and gilt feed was 98% and 99%, respectively, and the exceedance rate was 11% and 7.
7%.

Feed companies, especially pig feed companies, are still very headaches about the problem of
vomiting toxin.
There are two reasons, one is because the pollution of vomitoxin is more common, and it is even difficult to purchase raw materials with low vomitoxin content in a specific period, and the other is because vomitoxin is a non-polar mycotoxin, conventional montmorillonite has almost no adsorption effect on it, and the general yeast cell wall or enzyme preparations are also unsatisfactory (here is an advertisement, our Omar Yikang's adsorption effect on vomitoxin is leveraged).

。 The harm of vomiting toxin here Xiaobian does not say much, everyone knows a lot, the prevention and control of mycotoxins, the most important point is the control of raw materials (this side of the feed raw material procurement to spit out: not that I do not want to buy good raw materials, is not able to buy ah, is the cost is too high ah! ）
。 Of course, in addition to the control of raw materials, there are many things that formulators need to consider, how to develop a feed mycotoxin prevention and control plan suitable for their own enterprises, reduce the risk of mycotoxin pollution, and reduce feed costs without reducing livestock production performance, etc.
, the task is heavy and long
.

Vomatoxin

Limited edition standard in the new version

The official U.
S.
FDA's vomatoxin limit standard

In terms of calculation, our limit standards can be much
stricter than those in Europe and the United States.

Another name for vormatoxin --- aspergilloxin, is mainly produced
by Fusarium and Fusarium rotundifolia.
Aspergilloxin fumigatus has been identified by 16 types, A, B, C and P four types, of which type B has the largest content of FB1 toxin in the feed, reaching 70%-80% of the total content of fumicoidin, followed by
FB2.
From the current literature, the detection rate of fumigatus toxin is very high, often close to 100%, of which the pollution of corn and its by-products is the most serious, and the pollution of other feed raw materials FB1 is lighter
.
At present, studies believe that pigs and horses are more sensitive
to this toxin.
Fumicoidin can cause pulmonary edema in pigs, and some studies believe that it will aggravate the symptoms of respiratory diseases in pigs, which is a very big hazard
for the Chinese pig industry, where respiratory diseases are more common.
Horses are most sensitive to feed fumigatus toxin, and FB1 can cause neurological symptoms in horses, causing leukomalacia
.
This toxin also poses a threat to human health, is carcinogenic, and if infected, can induce diseases such as esophageal cancer, liver cancer, and stomach cancer
.
Fumicoidin is widely distributed in soils, especially in rice field soil samples, making it highly likely to contaminate food and pose a potential threat
to people.

According to the analysis of the investigation of feed raw materials in the industry, the most serious pollution of fucoidin is corn and its by-products such as DDGS, corn germ meal, etc.
, while the risk of pollution of soybean and wheat raw materials with fumigatus toxin is extremely low
.
The average value of the positive samples of zeize fumigxin reached 2 ppm, the highest value exceeded 12 ppm, and the overall pollution situation was slightly higher, and major feed companies needed additional attention
.
However, according to the test results of the Feed Quality Supervision and Inspection and Testing Center of the Ministry of Agriculture (Chengdu), the detection rate of sow piglet compound fumigatusin is about 90%, the exceeding rate is 0%, and the average value is only about
0.
5ppm.
According to the test results of Jiang Yuhan of Nanjing Agricultural University, although the detection rate of maize fumigatus toxin in the eastern and northwest regions is high, the average content is about 1ppm, and the pollution degree of maize in the southwest region is higher, with an average content of 2.
24ppm and a maximum value of 11.
1ppm
.

Judging from the limit requirements of the new standard, it is really difficult for the feed raw material to exceed the standard (60ppm), unless it is corn
with very serious mildew.
The limit requirement for concentrates and compounds for horses, rabbits and pigs is 5ppm
.
For horses, Xiaobian does not understand much, but the initial understanding is that it is necessary to prevent the mildew of pasture, after all, roughage forage accounts for the main component of
the diet.
For pig and rabbit feed, enterprises need some special attention, mainly focusing on the mildew rate of corn, and corn with more serious mildew should be strictly banned
.

Total number of molds in the feed

Another important point is that the new standard has new requirements for the total number of feed molds
.
Corn, wheat bran and rice bran were expanded into cereals and their processed products; Soybean cake (meal), cottonseed cake (meal), rapeseed cake (meal) expanded cake meal feed raw materials (except fermented products), and the limit value was reduced to 4×10^3 CFU/g
.
In addition, the limits of dairy products and their processing by-products, and other animal feeds have been increased
.
Most importantly, the limits in compound feed, concentrated feed and concentrate supplements in the original standard have been removed
.
This also means that feed production enterprises no longer have to worry about their products exceeding the mold standard, but we need to remind that the feed mold exceeds the standard, which to a certain extent means the high risk
of feed mycotoxin exceeding the standard.

A limiting standard for the total number of molds in the old version

The new version of the total number of molds in the limit standard

The new feed hygiene standard will be officially implemented on May 1, 2018, and fully interpreting and mastering the requirements and limits of the new standard is a compulsory lesson
for every feed person.

A diagram understands the limit requirements of the new and old standards for mycotoxins in feed