The limit of human life span is between 120-150 years!

Recently, an article in the top journal Nature Communications found that the limit of human life span is between 120-150 years.
This is the result of a dynamic evaluation of the health data of a large number of people from the United States, the United Kingdom and Russia
.
Studies have found that when human life span reaches between 120 and 150 years, the self-recovery ability of various bodily functions reaches a critical value
.
In a person's life, the body's self-repair ability begins to decline with age
.

https://doi.
org/10.
1038/s41467-021-23014-1

https://doi.
org/10.
1038/s41467-021-23014-1

In recent years, the research of stem cell anti-aging has attracted the attention of the world.
In 1999, the American Journal of Science listed the research results of stem cells at the top of the top ten scientific progress ^[1] .
After 20 years of in-depth research, stem cell therapy research has involved delays.
All aspects of aging and treatment of aging-related diseases
.

^[1]

An article in the Science and Technology Daily in 2019 was titled "Want to Live 120? "Stem Cell Technology Can Help You Realize Your Dreams" article makes people more interested in stem cells and anti-aging
.
So, let’s take a look today, how do stem cells help people fight aging? In which areas does it help people fight aging-related diseases
?

01 Stem cells and anti-aging

01 Stem cells and anti-aging

Stem cells in the human body have the ability of self-renewal and multidirectional differentiation.
When the body is aging or damaged, stem cells from different sources can replenish new cells through proliferation and differentiation, and promote tissue repair and regeneration
.
However, with age, as well as the influence of genetic and environmental factors, the number, effectiveness, dryness and function of stem cells gradually decline.
The regenerative potential of stem cells is inhibited and cell renewal cannot be achieved, which in turn causes skin, muscle, brain, and heart.
The dysfunction of the organization will aggravate aging and shorten the life span ^[2]
.

^[2]

Stem cell transplantation is an effective measure to maintain tissue degeneration and delay aging.
Take mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) as an example.
They can migrate to the injured area and spontaneously differentiate into the required cells for tissue regeneration and secrete a variety of cells.
Factors and soluble factors, as well as activating signal pathways, play an anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory role
.

In a non-randomized, dose-escalating clinical study, frail patients showed safety and immune tolerance after a single intravenous infusion of mesenchymal stem cells, and their gait function and immune status were significantly improved ^[3]
.

^[3]

Studies have found that stem cells promote local and systemic cell-to-cell communication by dynamically releasing exosomes
.
Exosomes contain molecules such as miRNA, proteins, lipids, transcription factors, cytokines and growth factors
.
Exosomal miRNAs derived from mesenchymal stem cells have been widely used in the treatment of aging-related diseases, such as skin aging, bone repair, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases ^[4]
.

^[4]

Studies have also found that the rate of aging is essentially controlled by the release of exosomes from hypothalamic neural stem cells (htNSCs)
.
Hypothalamic neural stem cells produce a variety of exosomal miRNAs that are distributed in the cerebrospinal fluid.
With the aging process, the content of these miRNAs decreases
.
Importantly, local implantation of healthy hypothalamic neural stem cell exosomes in middle-aged mice can delay aging and prolong lifespan ^[5]
.

^[5]

02 Stem cells repair aging skin

02 Stem cells repair aging skin

Long-term exposure to ultraviolet radiation causes premature aging of the skin, called photoaging, which is characterized by loss of elasticity and wrinkles
.
Studies have found that adipose stem cell conditioned medium can protect human skin fibroblasts from oxidative stress, and at the same time up-regulate the expression of TGF-b and type I procollagen, promote collagen synthesis, enhance skin elasticity, and relieve wrinkles ^[6]
.

^[6]

Picture from document 6

Picture from document 6

Picture from literature 8

Picture from literature 8

In clinical studies, the adipose stem cells expanded in vitro were injected into the facial skin of 20 photoaging patients.
A few months later, xylan and decidual protein were observed to re-form in the sub-epidermal area, and the papillary shape at the dermal-epidermal junction was observed.
Structural reconstruction, the damaged elastic tissue in the deep dermis is replaced by a normal elastic fiber network.
At the same time, M2 macrophages swell and expand to remove harmful pathological deposits.
It can be seen that adipose stem cells are sufficient to cause complete regeneration of the photo-aged skin structure ^[8]
.

^[8]

03 Stem cell treatment of female reproductive aging

03 Stem cell treatment of female reproductive aging

Premature ovarian failure (POF) or premature ovarian insufficiency (POI), also known as premature menopause, is one of the important causes of female infertility, characterized by low estrogen, high gonadotropin, amenorrhea and premenopausal synthesis Levy
.

At present, hormone replacement therapy is the main treatment method to delay ovarian aging, but this therapy will increase the risk of breast cancer, endometrial cancer and ovarian cancer
.
Nowadays, stem cell therapy has been proposed and has shown effectiveness in some clinical studies
.

Picture from literature 12

Picture from literature 12

Under the guidance of vaginal ultrasound, the researchers transplanted mesenchymal stem cells into the ovaries of 61 patients with primary ovarian insufficiency by in situ injection, and then monitored their side effects, vital signs and clinical changes
.
It was found that all patients had normal clinical behavior, no serious adverse reactions and treatment-related complications; POI patients with shorter amenorrhea (<1 year) were more likely to obtain mature follicles after stem cell treatment, and patients with better ovarian conditions (preoperative Antral follicles) get better results by injection of mesenchymal stem cells
.
And 4 cases of POI patients successfully delivered after mesenchymal stem cell transplantation, and their babies developed normally ^[12]
.

^[12]

04 Stem cells treat brain aging-related diseases

04 Stem cells treat brain aging-related diseases

The aging or weakening of the brain can lead to damage to the central nervous system and decreased motor and cognitive abilities
.
In recent years, stem cells have shown the potential to treat age-related brain degeneration diseases
.
Studies have found that mesenchymal stem cells play a neuroprotective effect by promoting neurogenesis, neural differentiation, and inhibiting inflammation.
At the same time, they can reduce β-amyloid plaque deposition and enhance neuronal synaptic stability, and improve cognitive function ^[13]
.

^[13]

The researchers injected human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells into the abdominal cavity of d-galactose-induced aging mice.
After 3 months, the dendritic spine density, postsynaptic density and neurogenesis of the hippocampus of aged mice increased, and hippocampal CA1 Synaptic plasticity is enhanced, and learning and memory functions are improved
.
This study proved for the first time that umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells have the ability to regulate brain aging and may have a potential therapeutic effect on cognitive aging ^[14]
.

^[14]

Picture from Literature 13

Picture from Literature 13

In 2017, Nature Cell developed an autologous adipose stem cell therapy called ASTROSTEM, which improves vascular remodeling, cartilage and nerve cell regeneration through intravenous injection of stem cells 10 times (100 million cells/time), and achieves the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) Purpose
.
This stem cell therapy was approved for phase I/II clinical studies in the United States ^[15] and was approved in Japan in 2018 for the treatment of patients with mild to moderate AD
.

^[15]

In addition, mesenchymal stem cell exosomes have multiple effects such as promoting anti-inflammatory, regulating immune function, promoting the growth of nerve cell axons, and improving nerve function
.
Studies have shown that mesenchymal stem cell exosomes have therapeutic effects in AD animal models, and can improve the motor coordination and spatial memory capabilities of model animals ^[16] , so stem cell exosomes are expected to be used in the treatment of clinical brain aging diseases
.

^[16]

Picture from literature 15

Picture from literature 15

summary

summary

In addition to repairing skin, treating premature reproductive aging and brain aging, research has found that stem cell therapy is also beneficial to various aging-related diseases such as osteoporosis, endocrine disorders, and cardiovascular diseases.
Its effectiveness and safety are continuously evaluated and verified, which greatly promotes In order to explore the pace of anti-aging, we have reason to believe that in the future, the pace of slowing down human aging will be gradually realized
.

Reference

Reference

[1]Ye Youbiao.
The top 10 scientific advances in 1999 selected by the American "Science" magazine[J].
Science and Technology Collection, 2000(2):162-165.

[1]Ye Youbiao.
The top 10 scientific advances in 1999 selected by the American "Science" magazine[J].
Science and Technology Collection, 2000(2):162-165.

[2] Wang MJ, Chen J, Chen F, Liu Q, Sun Y, Yan C, et al.
Rejuvenating Strategies of Tissue-specific Stem Cells for Healthy Aging.
Aging Dis.
2019; 10: 871-82.

[2] Wang MJ, Chen J, Chen F, Liu Q, Sun Y, Yan C, et al.
Rejuvenating Strategies of Tissue-specific Stem Cells for Healthy Aging.
Aging Dis.
2019; 10: 871-82.

[3]Golpanian S, Difede DL, Khan A, et al.
Allogeneic Human Mesenchymal Stem Cell Infusions for Aging Frailty[J].
The Journals of Gerontology Series A Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 2017, 72(11):1505

[3]Golpanian S, Difede DL, Khan A, et al.
Allogeneic Human Mesenchymal Stem Cell Infusions for Aging Frailty[J].
The Journals of Gerontology Series A Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 2017, 72(11):1505

[4]Ullah M, NN Ng, Concepcion W, et al.
Emerging role of stem cell-derived extracellular microRNAs in age-associated human diseases and in different therapies of longevity[J].
Ageing Research Reviews, 2020.

[4]Ullah M, NN Ng, Concepcion W, et al.
Emerging role of stem cell-derived extracellular microRNAs in age-associated human diseases and in different therapies of longevity[J].
Ageing Research Reviews, 2020.

[5] Zhang Y, Kim MS, Jia B, et al.
Hypothalamic stem cells control ageing speed partly through exosomal miRNAs[J].
Nature, 2017, 548(7665):52.

[5] Zhang Y, Kim MS, Jia B, et al.
Hypothalamic stem cells control ageing speed partly through exosomal miRNAs[J].
Nature, 2017, 548(7665):52.

[6]Xiong M, Zhang Q, Hu W, Zhao C, Lv W, Yi Y, Wu Y, Wu M.
Exosomes From Adipose-Derived Stem Cells: The Emerging Roles and Applications in Tissue Regeneration of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery.
Front Cell Dev Biol, 2020.

[6]Xiong M, Zhang Q, Hu W, Zhao C, Lv W, Yi Y, Wu Y, Wu M.
Exosomes From Adipose-Derived Stem Cells: The Emerging Roles and Applications in Tissue Regeneration of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery.
Front Cell Dev Biol, 2020.

[7] Guo, S.
, Wang, T.
, Zhang, S.
, Chen, P.
, Cao, Z.
, Lian, W.
, et al.
Adipose-derived stem cell-conditioned medium protects fibroblasts at different senescent degrees from UVB irradiation damages[J].
Mol.
Cell.
Biochem, 2020, 463: 67–78.

[7] Guo, S.
, Wang, T.
, Zhang, S.
, Chen, P.
, Cao, Z.
, Lian, W.
, et al.
Adipose-derived stem cell-conditioned medium protects fibroblasts at different senescent degrees from UVB irradiation damages[J].
Mol.
Cell.
Biochem, 2020, 463: 67–78.

[8]L Charles-De-Sá, NF Gontijo-De-Amorim, Rigotti G, et al.
Photoaged Skin Therapy with Adipose-Derived Stem Cells[J].
Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, 2020, 145(6):1037e- 1049e.

[8]L Charles-De-Sá, NF Gontijo-De-Amorim, Rigotti G, et al.
Photoaged Skin Therapy with Adipose-Derived Stem Cells[J].
Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, 2020, 145(6):1037e- 1049e.

[9] Li, X.
; Xie, X.
; Lian, W.
; Shi, R.
; Han, S.
; Zhang, H.
; Lu, L.
; Li, M.
Exosomes from adipose-derived stem cells overexpressing Nrf2 accelerate cutaneous wound healing by promoting vascularization in a diabetic foot ulcer rat model.
Exp.
Mol.
Med, 2018.

[9] Li, X.
; Xie, X.
; Lian, W.
; Shi, R.
; Han, S.
; Zhang, H.
; Lu, L.
; Li, M.
Exosomes from adipose-derived stem cells overexpressing Nrf2 accelerate cutaneous wound healing by promoting vascularization in a diabetic foot ulcer rat model.
Exp.
Mol.
Med, 2018.

[10] Sheikhansari G, Aghebati-Maleki L, Nouri M, et al.
Current approaches for the treatment of premature ovarian failure with stem cell therapy[J].
Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie, 2018, 102:254.

[10] Sheikhansari G, Aghebati-Maleki L, Nouri M, et al.
Current approaches for the treatment of premature ovarian failure with stem cell therapy[J].
Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie, 2018, 102:254.

[11] D.
Lai, F.
Wang, X.
Yao, Q.
Zhang, X.
Wu, C.
Xiang, Human endometrial mesenchymal stem cells restore ovarian function through improving the renewal of germline stem cells in a mouse model of premature ovarian failure, J.
Transl.
Med.
13 (1) (2015) 155.

[11] D.
Lai, F.
Wang, X.
Yao, Q.
Zhang, X.
Wu, C.
Xiang, Human endometrial mesenchymal stem cells restore ovarian function through improving the renewal of germline stem cells in a mouse model of premature ovarian failure, J.
Transl.
Med.
13 (1) (2015) 155.

[12] Yan L, Wu Y, Li L, et al.
Clinical analysis of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell allotransplantation in patients with premature ovarian insufficiency[J].
Cell Proliferation, 2020, 53.

[12] Yan L, Wu Y, Li L, et al.
Clinical analysis of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell allotransplantation in patients with premature ovarian insufficiency[J].
Cell Proliferation, 2020, 53.

[13] Application of mesenchymal stem cell therapy for aging frailty: from mechanisms to therapeutics[J].
Theranostics, 2021, 11(12):5675-5685.

[13] Application of mesenchymal stem cell therapy for aging frailty: from mechanisms to therapeutics[J].
Theranostics, 2021, 11(12):5675-5685.

[14] Cao N, Liao T, Liu J, et al.
Clinical-grade human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells reverse cognitive aging via improving synaptic plasticity and endogenous neurogenesis[J].
Cell Death & Disease, 2017, 8(8 ): e2996.

[14] Cao N, Liao T, Liu J, et al.
Clinical-grade human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells reverse cognitive aging via improving synaptic plasticity and endogenous neurogenesis[J].
Cell Death & Disease, 2017, 8(8 ): e2996.

[15] Nature Cell Started Commercial Clinical Trials Phase I And II "ASTROSTEM," Stem Cell Drug For Alzheimer's Disease Treatment In US https://

[15] Nature Cell Started Commercial Clinical Trials Phase I And II "ASTROSTEM," Stem Cell Drug For Alzheimer's Disease Treatment In US https:// [16] Cui GH, Wu J, Mou FF, et al.
Exosomes derived from hypoxiapreconditioned mesenchymal stromal cells ameliorate cognitive decline by rescuing synaptic dysfunction and regulating inflammatory responses in APP/PS1 mice[J].
FASEB J, 2018,32(2 ):654-668