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"Stopping the cup and throwing chopsticks can't eat, drawing a sword and looking around at a loss" describes Li Bai's depression and anxiety at that time
.
Social pressure is an important factor causing anxiety
.
Dysfunction of hippocampus can cause anxiety and depression
.
Single-cell sequencing results showed that there are multiple molecular types of neurons in the hippocampus, such as the ventral hippocampal CA3 region (vCA3) expressing the coagulation factor C homolog (COCH) gene neuron subgroup
.
On December 28, 2021, Lu Youming's research team at the School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology revealed the molecular and circuit mechanisms of the COCH subtype neuron group in the CA3 region of the ventral hippocampus in regulating stress-induced anxiety
.
Researchers have found that optogenetics technology specifically activates COCH-positive neurons in the vCA3 area (hereinafter referred to as vCA3-COCH neurons), which can reduce the number of times the mice enter the open arms of the elevated experiment, the number of times the central area of the open field experiment, and reduce staying in the open area.
The time of the arm and the center area showed obvious anxiety-like behavior
.
After stopping the photoactivation effect, the mice returned to normal
.
Figure 1: Social stress activates vCA3-COCH neurons after continuous attacks in mice cause anxiety-like behaviors, and vCA3-COCH neurons are activated in large numbers (Figure 1)
.
However, light activation of vCA3-COCH neurons during the process of social stress in mice did not increase the level of anxiety in mice
.
Photoinhibition of vCA3-COCH neurons can alleviate anxiety-like behaviors caused by social stress; in addition, mice did not show anxiety-like behaviors after suppressing vCA3-COCH neurons in the process of social stress
.
These results indicate that the activation of vCA3-COCH neurons is necessary for stress-induced anxiety behavior
.
Compared with neurons that do not express the COCH gene (NCOCH), the vCA3-COCH neurons in mice undergoing social stress have a higher firing frequency and exhibit high excitability
.
Then it was discovered that gene screening experiments found that vCA3-COCH neurons were enriched and expressed Mtf1, kcnn3, Cck, Cacna1h genes, and NCOCH neurons were enriched and expressed Kcna2 and Gria4 genes
.
After the virus silencing method knocked down the expression of vCA3-COCH neuron Cacna1h, the release of action potential was hindered
.
Figure 2: The anterograde tracer virus reveals the downstream output of vCA3-COCH neurons.
In situ hybridization experiments revealed that the COCH-positive neurons in the vCA3 region are excitatory neurons
.
The anterograde tracer virus found that vCA3-COCH neurons projected to inhibitory neurons in the ventral septal nucleus (vLS), forming functional synapses (COCH→vLS inhibitory loop, Figure 2)
.
Light-activated COCH→vLS inhibitory loop can cause excitatory postsynaptic currents, and social pressure can enhance this current
.
The lack of calcium permeability of GRIA2 subunit AMPA receptor (Ca2+AR) antagonists can block this current, indicating that the synaptic transmission of the COCH→vLS inhibitory loop depends on Ca2+AR
.
Studies have shown that activation of Ca2+AR in the brain causes long-term potentiation (LTP) of synaptic plasticity
.
They found that high-frequency stimulation can cause LTP in the COCH→vLS inhibitory loop, and social pressure can enhance this LTP, which can be blocked by Ca2+AR blockers
.
Inhibiting the above-mentioned Ca2+AR-dependent LTP can relieve anxiety-like behaviors caused by social stress
.
In summary, this article found that the COCH-positive neuron group in the CA3 area of the ventral hippocampus regulates the anxiety caused by stress by projecting to the ventral external septal nucleus to form an inhibitory loop
.
No pressure and no anxiety in 2022! Thank you teachers and classmates for your understanding and support of Neural Week K! Happy New Year's Day everyone! [References] 1.
https://doi.
org/10.
1016/j.
celrep.
2021.
110177 The pictures in the text are from the references
"Stopping the cup and throwing chopsticks can't eat, drawing a sword and looking around at a loss" describes Li Bai's depression and anxiety at that time
.
Social pressure is an important factor causing anxiety
.
Dysfunction of hippocampus can cause anxiety and depression
.
Single-cell sequencing results showed that there are multiple molecular types of neurons in the hippocampus, such as the ventral hippocampal CA3 region (vCA3) expressing the coagulation factor C homolog (COCH) gene neuron subgroup
.
On December 28, 2021, Lu Youming's research team at the School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology revealed the molecular and circuit mechanisms of the COCH subtype neuron group in the CA3 region of the ventral hippocampus in regulating stress-induced anxiety
.
Researchers have found that optogenetics technology specifically activates COCH-positive neurons in the vCA3 area (hereinafter referred to as vCA3-COCH neurons), which can reduce the number of times the mice enter the open arms of the elevated experiment, the number of times the central area of the open field experiment, and reduce staying in the open area.
The time of the arm and the center area showed obvious anxiety-like behavior
.
After stopping the photoactivation effect, the mice returned to normal
.
Figure 1: Social stress activates vCA3-COCH neurons after continuous attacks in mice cause anxiety-like behaviors, and vCA3-COCH neurons are activated in large numbers (Figure 1)
.
However, light activation of vCA3-COCH neurons during the process of social stress in mice did not increase the level of anxiety in mice
.
Photoinhibition of vCA3-COCH neurons can alleviate anxiety-like behaviors caused by social stress; in addition, mice did not show anxiety-like behaviors after suppressing vCA3-COCH neurons in the process of social stress
.
These results indicate that the activation of vCA3-COCH neurons is necessary for stress-induced anxiety behavior
.
Compared with neurons that do not express the COCH gene (NCOCH), the vCA3-COCH neurons in mice undergoing social stress have a higher firing frequency and exhibit high excitability
.
Then it was discovered that gene screening experiments found that vCA3-COCH neurons were enriched and expressed Mtf1, kcnn3, Cck, Cacna1h genes, and NCOCH neurons were enriched and expressed Kcna2 and Gria4 genes
.
After the virus silencing method knocked down the expression of vCA3-COCH neuron Cacna1h, the release of action potential was hindered
.
Figure 2: The anterograde tracer virus reveals the downstream output of vCA3-COCH neurons.
In situ hybridization experiments revealed that the COCH-positive neurons in the vCA3 region are excitatory neurons
.
The anterograde tracer virus found that vCA3-COCH neurons projected to inhibitory neurons in the ventral septal nucleus (vLS), forming functional synapses (COCH→vLS inhibitory loop, Figure 2)
.
Light-activated COCH→vLS inhibitory loop can cause excitatory postsynaptic currents, and social pressure can enhance this current
.
The lack of calcium permeability of GRIA2 subunit AMPA receptor (Ca2+AR) antagonists can block this current, indicating that the synaptic transmission of the COCH→vLS inhibitory loop depends on Ca2+AR
.
Studies have shown that activation of Ca2+AR in the brain causes long-term potentiation (LTP) of synaptic plasticity
.
They found that high-frequency stimulation can cause LTP in the COCH→vLS inhibitory loop, and social pressure can enhance this LTP, which can be blocked by Ca2+AR blockers
.
Inhibiting the above-mentioned Ca2+AR-dependent LTP can relieve anxiety-like behaviors caused by social stress
.
In summary, this article found that the COCH-positive neuron group in the CA3 area of the ventral hippocampus regulates the anxiety caused by stress by projecting to the ventral external septal nucleus to form an inhibitory loop
.
No pressure and no anxiety in 2022! Thank you teachers and classmates for your understanding and support of Neural Week K! Happy New Year's Day everyone! [References] 1.
https://doi.
org/10.
1016/j.
celrep.
2021.
110177 The pictures in the text are from the references
