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Click the blue word to follow us and ask 26.
In the autonomic nervous system, all sympathetic neurons can release _________ (neurotransmitters)? Acetylcholine Analysis: All preganglionic neurons of the autonomic nervous system release acetylcholine
.
All parasympathetic postganglionic neurons and some sympathetic postganglionic neurons (which innervate glands and cause vascular smooth muscle relaxation) also release acetylcholine
.
Other sympathetic postganglionic neurons release non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic neurotransmitters such as norepinephrine, ATP, substance P, and neuropeptide
Y.
Question 27.
The effect of acetylcholine on parasympathetic postsynaptic receptors can be terminated by _________
.
Acetylcholinesterase Analysis: The effect of acetylcholine on parasympathetic postsynaptic receptors is mainly terminated by acetylcholinesterase
.
Acetylcholinesterase is found in synaptic clefts at neuromuscular junctions and other cholinergic transmission sites and catalyzes the breakdown of acetylcholine into choline and acetate
.
Pseudocholinesterase or butyrylcholinesterase is a nonspecific cholinesterase produced in the liver and found in plasma
.
Pseudocholinesterase deficiency delays metabolism and prolongs the duration of action of drugs, including succinylcholine, mevisone, and ester local anesthetics
.
Autoreceptors for acetylcholine are present in the presynaptic membrane
.
Studies have found that they can inhibit or increase the release of acetylcholine, but the mechanism is currently unknown
.
These autoreceptors are not involved in the metabolism of acetylcholine
.
Neurotransmitters that terminate synaptic transmission by reuptake mainly include glutamate, norepinephrine, and dopamine
.
Receptor downregulation is a negative feedback mechanism in which receptor agonists cause a decrease in the number of postsynaptic receptors
.
Receptor downregulation should not be confused with receptor desensitization, which is a phenomenon in which a receptor becomes unresponsive due to prolonged exposure to a neurotransmitter
.
Answer Question 28.
The _________ in the sympathetic nervous system are responsible for innervating the head and neck
.
Cervical sympathetic chain Analysis: The cervical sympathetic chain has three layers of ganglia, including the upper, middle and lower cervical ganglia, which provide sympathetic innervation to the head and neck
.
Cranial nerves III, VII, IX, and X belong to the parasympathetic nervous system
.
The splanchnic nerve provides sympathetic innervation to the abdominal organs through the celiac ganglia
.
Answer Question 29.
The anatomical boundary between the oropharynx and the laryngopharynx is ________
.
Epiglottis Analysis: The epiglottis is the anatomical boundary that distinguishes the oropharynx from the laryngopharynx, as shown in Figure 3-1.
The pharynx is divided into 3 parts: the nasopharynx, the oropharynx, and the laryngopharynx
.
The pharynx serves as the common passage for the aerodigestive tract, and the nasopharynx is located above the soft palate, below the sphenoid bone, and behind the nasal cavity
.
The oropharynx is located between the soft palate and the epiglottis, at the back of the mouth
.
The laryngopharynx is located between the epiglottis and the cricoid cartilage, at the back of the larynx
.
Answer questions 30.
Compared with adults, the anatomical feature of the larynx in children is the position of ________
.
Higher resolution: Compared to the adult larynx, the child's larynx is in a higher position
.
The adult larynx is located at the C4-C5 level
.
This allows the tube to enter the airway at a sharper angle when intubated in children than in adults
.
There are several differences in the anatomy of the airway and larynx between adults and children
.
In general, the anatomical differences in the airway include: (1) The tongue and occiput are larger in infants than in adults
.
Therefore, direct lenses are more suitable for children undergoing tracheal intubation, and shoulder pads are required to facilitate the observation of laryngeal structures
.
(2) The epiglottis of infants and young children is soft, narrow, and Ω-shaped
.
The angle formed by the epiglottis and the trachea is greater, and the coverage of the glottis is greater than in adults
.
The adult epiglottis is relatively firm and broad
.
(3) The larynx of infants is funnel-shaped, the narrowest part is located at the cricoid cartilage, and the larynx of adults is cylindrical, and the narrowest part is at the level of the vocal cords
.
(4) In infants, the anterior junction of the vocal cords slopes more downward (caudally) than the posterior junction
.
Therefore, the oblique glottis can be seen during direct laryngoscopy, and the tracheal tube is more likely to get stuck at the anterior junction when the tracheal tube is blinded
.
The anterior and posterior connections of the adult vocal cords are more perpendicular to each other
.
(5) The cricothyroid membrane of infants and young children is smaller than that of adults, which makes the establishment of the surgical airway difficult to implement because it is difficult to identify the correct position
.
Recommended reading [Monday] Anesthesia Junior and Intermediate Test Center Intensive Lecture 01 [Monday] Key Points You Can't Miss · Anesthesia Junior and Intermediate Test Center Intensive Lecture 02 [Monday] You Can't Miss the Anesthesia Junior and Intermediate Test Center Intensive Lecture 03 [Monday] You Highlights that can't be missed · Anesthesia Junior and Intermediate Test Centers Intensive Lecture 04 [Monday] Key Points You Can't Miss · Anesthesia Junior and Intermediate Test Centers Intensive Lectures 05 [Monday] Highlights You Can't Miss · Anesthesiology Senior Professional Title Test Center 01 [Monday] You The key points that cannot be missed·Senior professional title test center in anesthesiology 02 [Monday] The key point you can't miss·The test center for senior professional title in anesthesia 03 [Monday] The key point you can't miss·The test center for senior professional title in anesthesiology 04 [Monday] What you can't miss Focus · Anesthesia Advanced Test Center Intensive Lecture 05|Anatomy and Physiology
of the Autonomic Nervous System
A1END1
In the autonomic nervous system, all sympathetic neurons can release _________ (neurotransmitters)? Acetylcholine Analysis: All preganglionic neurons of the autonomic nervous system release acetylcholine
.
All parasympathetic postganglionic neurons and some sympathetic postganglionic neurons (which innervate glands and cause vascular smooth muscle relaxation) also release acetylcholine
.
Other sympathetic postganglionic neurons release non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic neurotransmitters such as norepinephrine, ATP, substance P, and neuropeptide
Y.
Question 27.
The effect of acetylcholine on parasympathetic postsynaptic receptors can be terminated by _________
.
Acetylcholinesterase Analysis: The effect of acetylcholine on parasympathetic postsynaptic receptors is mainly terminated by acetylcholinesterase
.
Acetylcholinesterase is found in synaptic clefts at neuromuscular junctions and other cholinergic transmission sites and catalyzes the breakdown of acetylcholine into choline and acetate
.
Pseudocholinesterase or butyrylcholinesterase is a nonspecific cholinesterase produced in the liver and found in plasma
.
Pseudocholinesterase deficiency delays metabolism and prolongs the duration of action of drugs, including succinylcholine, mevisone, and ester local anesthetics
.
Autoreceptors for acetylcholine are present in the presynaptic membrane
.
Studies have found that they can inhibit or increase the release of acetylcholine, but the mechanism is currently unknown
.
These autoreceptors are not involved in the metabolism of acetylcholine
.
Neurotransmitters that terminate synaptic transmission by reuptake mainly include glutamate, norepinephrine, and dopamine
.
Receptor downregulation is a negative feedback mechanism in which receptor agonists cause a decrease in the number of postsynaptic receptors
.
Receptor downregulation should not be confused with receptor desensitization, which is a phenomenon in which a receptor becomes unresponsive due to prolonged exposure to a neurotransmitter
.
Answer Question 28.
The _________ in the sympathetic nervous system are responsible for innervating the head and neck
.
Cervical sympathetic chain Analysis: The cervical sympathetic chain has three layers of ganglia, including the upper, middle and lower cervical ganglia, which provide sympathetic innervation to the head and neck
.
Cranial nerves III, VII, IX, and X belong to the parasympathetic nervous system
.
The splanchnic nerve provides sympathetic innervation to the abdominal organs through the celiac ganglia
.
Answer Question 29.
The anatomical boundary between the oropharynx and the laryngopharynx is ________
.
Epiglottis Analysis: The epiglottis is the anatomical boundary that distinguishes the oropharynx from the laryngopharynx, as shown in Figure 3-1.
The pharynx is divided into 3 parts: the nasopharynx, the oropharynx, and the laryngopharynx
.
The pharynx serves as the common passage for the aerodigestive tract, and the nasopharynx is located above the soft palate, below the sphenoid bone, and behind the nasal cavity
.
The oropharynx is located between the soft palate and the epiglottis, at the back of the mouth
.
The laryngopharynx is located between the epiglottis and the cricoid cartilage, at the back of the larynx
.
Answer questions 30.
Compared with adults, the anatomical feature of the larynx in children is the position of ________
.
Higher resolution: Compared to the adult larynx, the child's larynx is in a higher position
.
The adult larynx is located at the C4-C5 level
.
This allows the tube to enter the airway at a sharper angle when intubated in children than in adults
.
There are several differences in the anatomy of the airway and larynx between adults and children
.
In general, the anatomical differences in the airway include: (1) The tongue and occiput are larger in infants than in adults
.
Therefore, direct lenses are more suitable for children undergoing tracheal intubation, and shoulder pads are required to facilitate the observation of laryngeal structures
.
(2) The epiglottis of infants and young children is soft, narrow, and Ω-shaped
.
The angle formed by the epiglottis and the trachea is greater, and the coverage of the glottis is greater than in adults
.
The adult epiglottis is relatively firm and broad
.
(3) The larynx of infants is funnel-shaped, the narrowest part is located at the cricoid cartilage, and the larynx of adults is cylindrical, and the narrowest part is at the level of the vocal cords
.
(4) In infants, the anterior junction of the vocal cords slopes more downward (caudally) than the posterior junction
.
Therefore, the oblique glottis can be seen during direct laryngoscopy, and the tracheal tube is more likely to get stuck at the anterior junction when the tracheal tube is blinded
.
The anterior and posterior connections of the adult vocal cords are more perpendicular to each other
.
(5) The cricothyroid membrane of infants and young children is smaller than that of adults, which makes the establishment of the surgical airway difficult to implement because it is difficult to identify the correct position
.
Recommended reading [Monday] Anesthesia Junior and Intermediate Test Center Intensive Lecture 01 [Monday] Key Points You Can't Miss · Anesthesia Junior and Intermediate Test Center Intensive Lecture 02 [Monday] You Can't Miss the Anesthesia Junior and Intermediate Test Center Intensive Lecture 03 [Monday] You Highlights that can't be missed · Anesthesia Junior and Intermediate Test Centers Intensive Lecture 04 [Monday] Key Points You Can't Miss · Anesthesia Junior and Intermediate Test Centers Intensive Lectures 05 [Monday] Highlights You Can't Miss · Anesthesiology Senior Professional Title Test Center 01 [Monday] You The key points that cannot be missed·Senior professional title test center in anesthesiology 02 [Monday] The key point you can't miss·The test center for senior professional title in anesthesia 03 [Monday] The key point you can't miss·The test center for senior professional title in anesthesiology 04 [Monday] What you can't miss Focus · Anesthesia Advanced Test Center Intensive Lecture 05|Anatomy and Physiology
of the Autonomic Nervous System
A1END1
