The June 2020 Science Journal had to look at the highlights of the study. 

, June 30, 2020 /PRNewswire/ --
bio-valley
bioON/--- is coming to an end in June 2020. The editor has organized this and shared it with you.
1.
. Science: Magical animals can make lost eyes grow again! New research reveals the mysteries of the
: 10.1126/science.aba3203; doi: 10.1126/science.abc8066 If the eyes of the small real vortex mediterranean vortex (Schmidta mediterranea), which live in fresh water, have an accident, they can grow their eyes back in a matter of days. How they do this is a scientific conundrum--- Peter Reddien's lab at the Whitehead Institute in the United States has been working on it for years.the lab's latest project offers some insight: In a new study, researchers at Reddien's lab identified a new class of cells that could act as a signpost to help guide its axons from the eye to the brain as they complete the difficult task of reconstructing their neural circuits. The findings were published in the June 26, 2020 issue of The Journal of Science with the title "Muscle and neuronal guidepost-like cells sle planarian visual system resei".
images from Science, 2020, doi:10.1126/science.aba3203.true vortex is a popular model for studying regeneration, which can regrow almost any part of the body; the eye is an interesting part of the study, because the regenerative vision system requires the real vortex to reconnect its neurons to connect to the brain.when the nervous system develops in an embryo, the first neural fibers, called pioneer axons, meander through the tissues to form the neural circuits needed to sense and interpret external stimuli. The axons are helped along the way by special cells called road sign cells. These special cells are placed at the selection point -- where the path of the axon may be forked in different directions.
2.
. Science: Revealing the slight haptic mechanism stoic mechanisms of Messner's small body perception
doi: 10.1126/science.abb2751; doi: 10.1126/science.abc7610 Meissner corpuscle, also known as the tactile small body, is a mechanical sensory endorgan densely distributed on the skin of mammals. The basic anatomical structure of the Messner small body and the mechanical sensory neurons that dominate its A-beta (larger cell diameter and rapid action potential conduction) have been widely described. However, little is known about the requirements of Messner's small body and the A-beta mechanical sensory neurons that govern it in terms of tactile-related behavior, sensory motor ability, and tactile perception.mice lacking brain-derived neurotrophic factors (BDNF) or their receptor TrkB had a range of developmental disorders, including a lack of Mesna small body. Researchers from Harvard Medical School and Stanford University in the United States concluded that limiting TrkB manipulation to sensory neurons with selective genetic markers would allow them to study the developmental assembly of Messner's small body and its function in the body's sensations. When studying the development of Messner's small body, they found that there were two types of A-beta mechanical sensory neurons that dominate mesna small body. They assessed the requirements for haptic sensitivity and fine sensory motion control of messaly small bodies, as well as the anatomical, physiological, and microstructure properties of the two A-beta mechanical sensory neurons that govern the mechanical sensory end organs. The results of the study, published in the June 19, 2020 issue of The Journal of Science, are entitled "Meissner Corpuscles and their spatially intermingled afferentslie underlying gentle gentle pertsy perception".sensory neuron-specific knockout of TrkB resulted in the complete loss of Messner's small body, without affecting other mechanical sensory end organs in the hairless skin of mice, including the A-beta mechanical sensory neuron-Merkel-Merkel cell complex and the Pacinian corpuscle, also known as the ring-layer small body. Behavioral measurements showed that mice without Mesna had defects in perception, reactions to the slightest detectable force seamount to the hairless skin, and fine sensory movement control.genetic markers, the Mesna small body is dominated by different A-beta sensory neurons on two types of molecules: one for TrkB and the other for tyrosine kinase Ret. Although the two types of A-beta neurons react differently to tactile stimuli, the two Types of A-beta neurons react differently: TrkB-positive Mesna small bodies are more sensitive incoming, both react when the trapezoidal indentations of hairless skin begin and shift, while the introduction of the Ret-Mesna small body is less sensitive and rarely reacts when the trapezoidal indentation is shifted. Some Ret-plus neurons respond continuously even when static indentation is stimulated. In addition, the ends of axons of these two A-beta mechanical sensory neurons were found to be homogenous tiled, but heterogeneous offsets. Computational modeling shows that this desection arrangement maximizes the available information for coding acuity while ensuring that a limited number of neurons are fully covered with the skin. Finally, ultra-microstructure analysis using electron microscopes showed that the more sensitive TrkB-Mesna small body incoming axon endings had a larger number of flaky cell wraps than the less sensitive Ret-Messner small body.
3.
. Science: New research suggests that universal influenza vaccine design may be more challenging than expected
: 10.1126/science.aaz5143In a new study, researchers at the Scripps Research Institute, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, the University of Washington and the University of Hong Kong in China have found that some common flu virus strains may have mutations to escape the wide-impact antibodies caused by the generic flu vaccine. These findings highlight the challenges of designing such vaccines and should help guide vaccine development. The findings were published in the June 19, 2020 issue of The Journal of Science under the title "Sert genetic barriers for resistance to HA stembodies anti-anti-anti-influenza H3 and H1 viruses". The first authors of the paper are Dr. Nicholas Wu, a postdoctoral researcher at the Scripps Institute, and Dr. Andrew Thompson, a researcher at the Scripps Institute.in the study, the researchers found evidence that H3N2, one of the most common influenza subtypes, can mutate relatively easily to escape two antibodies that are thought to block almost all influenza virus strains. However, they found it much more difficult to escape antibodies that also have a wide range of neutralizing effects for another common subtype, H1N1.
4.
. Science: New study for the first time to determine the origin of the measles virus, to provide information to explore the origin of COVID-19
doi: 10.1126/science.aba9411; doi: 10.1126/science.abc5746 In a new study, researchers from Germany, Belgium, the United States and France have solved the controversial problem of measles first appearing and found that it may be linked to the rise of large cities. They sequenced the genomes of a strain of the measles virus from 1912 and reversely assessed how long the virus might have appeared in human populations, and identified it around the 6th century BC. The findings were published in the June 19, 2020 issue of The Journal of Science with the title "Measles virus and rinderpest virus buggence dat to the sixth century BCE".
the measles virus in the brain. in a commentary on the study, , Dr Simon Ho of the University of Sydney in Australia and Dr. Sebasti?n Duch?ne of the University of Melbourne suggest that similarly refined research on when COVID-19 and other zoonotic diseases occur will help to understand how such pathogens jump from animals to humans. Ho said the study could help efforts to determine when measles occurs in humans.
5.
. Science: Chinese scientists have found that human and antibody-binding SARS-CoV-2 stingprotein N-end domain
doi: 10.1126/science.abc6952 triple-polysacchatic protrusion protein (S protein) adorns the surface of the coronavirus and plays a key role in the virus's entry. During infection, the S protein is cut into The S1 subkey at the N-side and The S2 sub-sub-at the N-side by the host protease (e.g. TMPRSS2) and changes from the pre-fusion state to the post-fusion state. S1 and S2 are composed of extracellular domains (ECD, 1-1208 amino acids) and a single transmembrane helix, which mediates receptor binding and membrane fusion, respectively. S1 consists of an N-end domain (NTD) and a receptor-binding domain (RBD), which is critical to determining tissue addiction and host range. RBD is responsible for combining with ACE2, and the function of NTD is not yet clear. In some coronaviruses, NTD may identify specific glycogroups at initial attachment and may play an important role in the transition of S proteins from pre-fusion to post-fusion states. NTD of the MERS-CoV S protein can act as a key epipoint for neutralizing antibodies.monoclonal antibodies (mAb) with strong neutral and active targetING OF SARS-CoV-2 S proteins are a focus of the development of COVID-19 therapeutic interventions. Numerous studies have reported on the function and structure of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies that target RBD and inhibit the binding of S proteins and ACE2. The use of a single RBD-targeted antibody may induce a resistance mutation of the coronavirus. Antibodies that target non-RBD epitopes may be added to antibody combination therapy against SARS-CoV-2.not only the epitope distribution on the RBD of the S protein, but also the epitope distribution located on the entire S protein can be used to guide the development of therapeutic drugs targeting SARS-CoV-2. In a new study, researchers from the Chinese Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Westlake University and Tsinghua University separated and described mAb from 10 patients with REHABILITATION-aged COVID-19. The findings were published online June 22, 2020 in the journal Science with the title "A neutral neutral human anti-human body binds to the N-terminal domain of the protein of SARS-CoV-2".they isolated the three mAbs that showed neutrality and activity on the real SARS-CoV-2. A mAb called 4A8 has a high neutrality effect on real SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV-2 fake viruses, but does not bind to RBD. They analyzed the low-temperature electroscopy structure with a total resolution of 3.1 E when the 4A8 and S protein were combined, and the low-temperature electroscope structure with a local resolution of 3.3 e for the 4A8-NTD interface, thus determining the table of 4A8 as NTD of S protein. This indicates that NTD is a promising target for therapeutic mAb for COVID-19.. 6.
Science: Antibody combinations targeting SARS-CoV-2 stingproteins prevent rapid escape mutations from being produced during single antibody therapy
doi:10.1126/science.abd0831 Scientists recently used genetically nativeized mice and B-cells from recovery patients to produce a very large, receptor-binding structure (RBD) of THE SARS-CoV-2 S protein. The intended goal of producing this very large collection is to screen for pairs of highly potent antibodies that can bind to the S protein at the same time, so they may constitute a therapeutic antibody mixture that not only becomes an effective treatment, but also prevents antibody resistance caused by viral escape mutants that respond to selective pressure of single antibody therapy. in a new study, , in an effort to assess the effectiveness of antiviral antibodies recently described by Regeneron Pharmaceuticals against a range of S-protein RBD mutants represented by the publicly available SARS-CoV-2 sequence ( representing more than 7,000 unique genomes) identified by the end of March 2020, the company's researchers used a V-fake particle system that expressed these SARS-CoV-2 S protein mutants. Their first eight neutral antibodies were effective against all the mutants tested, demonstrating broad coverage of SARS-CoV-2, which is spreading in humans. The findings were published online June 15, 2020 in the journal Science, under the title "Antib."