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!--webeditor: "page title"--July 31, 2020 // --- July 2020 is coming to an end, what are the highlights of the Cell journal in July? The editor has organized this and shared it with you.
1.Cell: Heavyweight! It is a mystery whether white blood cells can be found in the brain for the first time and to reveal their new role in brain development: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.06.026. In a ground-breaking study
, researchers from the VIB Brain and Disease Research Centre in Belgium, the University of Leuven and the Babrahan Institute in the UK described a dedicated population of brain-resident immune cells found in the brains of mice and humans, and found that the presence of white blood cells was crucial to the normal development of the mouse brain.
related findings were published online July 22, 2020 in the journal Cell, with the title "Microglia Require CD4 T Cells to The Fetal-to-Adult Transition".
the paper's newsletter is written by Professor Adrian Liston.
images from Cell, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.06.026.
the researchers quantified and characterized a small but unique population of brain resident-assisted T-cell populations in mouse and human brain tissue.
T cells are a special type of white blood cell that specializes in scanning the cell surface for evidence of infection and triggering an appropriate immune response.
new technology allows the researchers to study these cells in great detail, including the process of circulating T-cells into the brain and beginning to appear to reside in the t-cell characteristics of the brain.
when secondary T cells were missing in the brain, the researchers found that the resident immune cells in the mice's brain, small glial cells, remained between the fetus and the adult developmental state ---.
observed that mice lacking T-cells in the brain experienced multiple changes in behavior.
their analysis, the brain's resident T cells play an important role in brain development.
2.Cell: Significant progress! Explain the real causes of chicken skins doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.06.031 If you ever wondered why we get goosebumps, there are a lot of people who think about chicken skins like you--- Charles Darwin, who thought about chicken skins in his evolutionary books.
chicken skinmay protect furry animals from the cold, but we humans don't seem to benefit much from this reaction, so why is it preserved in evolution? In a new study of mice, researchers from research institutions such as Harvard University in the United States and Taiwan University of China found the cause: the type of cells that cause the skins of the chicken is also important for regulating stem cells that regenerate hair follicles and hairs.
under the skin, the muscles that produce chicken skins by contracting --- a smooth muscle --- called arrector pili muscle is necessary to connect sympathetic nerves with hair follicle stem cells.
sympathetic nerve's response to the cold is to shrink the vertical hair muscle in a short period of time and cause goose bumps, and promote hair follicle stem cell activation and new hair growth in the long term.
these findings give researchers a better understanding of how different types of cells interact, linking stem cell activity to changes in the outside environment.
related findings were published online July 16, 2020 in the journal Cell, with the title "Cell Type Promoting Goosebumps Form a Niche to Regulate Hair Follicle Stem Cells." "We've always been interested in understanding how stem cell behavior is regulated by external stimuli," said Ya-Chieh Hsu, co-author of the
paper and an associate professor of stem cell and regenerative biology at Harvard University.
skin is a fascinating system: it has a variety of stem cells surrounded by different cell types around it, and it is the intersection of our body and the outside world.
its stem cells may respond to various stimuli from the microenvironment , the entire body, and even the external environment.
in this study, we identified an interesting two-component microenvironment (dual-component niche), which regulates stem cells not only in a stable state, but also in terms of stem cell behavior according to external temperature changes.
"3. Chinese scientists publish another Cell paper! Anatomy of the effects of SARS-CoV-2 sting protein mutations on viral infection and antigens doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.012SARS-CoV-2 is a single-stranded positive-stranded RNA virus whose genome encodes four structural proteins: sting protein (S), small protein (E), matrix protein (M) and nucleoshell protein (N).
S protein is a type I fusion protein that forms a tripolymer on the surface of viral particles.
it consists of two sub-bases: S1 is responsible for receptor binding and S2 is responsible for membrane fusion.
SARS-CoV-2 uses angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as a receptor to enter the target cell.
therefore, the S protein determines the infection of the virus and its transmission in the host.
because this protein is the main antigen that induces a protective immune response, all the vaccines being developed are targeted at it.
clearly, it is essential to closely monitor the antigen changes of S proteins in the virus being transmitted.
Given that it is a highly glycogenized protein, it is also of unquestionable importance to study the effects of site-specific polysaccharides on infection and immune escape. in a new study
, researchers from the China Food and Drug Research Institute, Beijing Concord College of Medicine and Tsinghua University studied the biological significance of natural variants of amino acid changes in the SARS-CoV-2 S protein, as well as mutants that have amino acid changes at the presumed N-linked glycogenized site. to achieve this
, they constructed 106 S-protein mutants reported in the public domain or those with amino acid changes at the presumed N-linked glycosylation site, and used a high-volume pseudotyped virus system to analyze their infection and responsiveness to neutralizing antibodies.
they report that some natural variants and glycogen mutants have evolved significant infectious and antigen changes.
related findings were published online July 17, 2020 in the journal Cell, with the title "The Impact of the Case of The S. And s.
the authors of the paper are Dr. Youchun Wang and Dr. Weijin Huang of the China Food and Drug Inspection Research Institute.
!--/ewebeditor:!--webeditor: !--.page title"--An illustration of amino acid changes selected for this study, pictured from Cell, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.07.012.
the authors analyzed the infection of more than 100 pseudoviruses and their sensitivity to the neutrality of the recovery period serum in patients with well-studied mAb or COVID-19.
observed changes in amino acids throughout the S protein.
they found that a unit point amino acid change (D614G) found in the s protein in areas other than RBD was more infectious, but there was no evidence that it was resistant to neutralizing antibodies.
however, it is particularly noteworthy that the D614G is gaining strength.
Although some of the strains analyzed in this study that showed amino acid changes in the RBD region lost their appeal and indicated that they may not be widespread, the emergence of natural variants of RBD with increased resistance to antibody-mediated neutrality should be closely watched.
, the absence of glycosylation sites affects their responsiveness to neutralizing antibodies, as well as their infectiousness, reinforcing the concept that polysaccharides can substantially affect SARS-CoV-2 virus replication and vaccine-induced immune response.
in general, these findings help to shed light on the effects of some evolving strains of viruses transmitted in human populations on increased infection and changes in antigens.
4.Cell: China has developed a new mRNA new coronary pneumonia vaccine that can maintain thermal stability in vitro for at least a week doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.07.024 In a new study, from China's military medicine Researchers from the Academy of Sciences, Suzhou Aibo Biotech Co., Ltd., the China Food and Drug Research Institute, Tsinghua University and the Institute of Life Sciences of the Institute of Military Medicine reported that an experimental SARS-CoV-2 vaccine based on messenger RNA (mRNA) can cause protective immune responses in mice and non-human primates.
two injections of this vaccine are strong enough to produce a strong immunity and completely prevent sars-CoV-2 infection in mice.
related findings were published online July 23, 2020 in the journal Cell, under the title "A thermostable mRNA vaccine against COVID-19".
the paper's correspondent sits with Dr. Cheng-Feng Qin of the Chinese Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Dr. You-Chun Wang of the China Food and Drug Inspection Research Institute and Dr. Bo Ying of Suzhou Aibo Biotech Co., Ltd. "The strong protective effects observed in this study and the clear immune correlation seisassociated with this protective effect pave the way for future development of the COVID-19 vaccine in humans," said Dr.
Qin Chengfeng.
"5.Two Cell Interpretations! Comprehensive analysis of the proteinological properties of lung cancer or is expected to help develop new personalized lung cancer therapy doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.06.013; doi:1016/j.cell.2020.06.012 Lung cancer is the most commonly diagnosed type of cancer in the world and the leading cause of cancer-related deaths, causing more deaths each year than breast, colon and prostate cancer combined, and for many years, scientists' research on the lung cancer genome has driven the development of drug therapies for specific mutations, but despite some progress, lung cancer survival rates remain low (less than 20 percent).
although the genome provides a lot of information, it can only provide single-dimensional information about the inner workings of cancer cells, and in a study published in the first cell journal, scientists from the MIT Broad Institute and others say they used a proteomic method that combines the genome with a complete proteomics to reveal how mutations that drive lung cancer affect the activity of key proteins, while the researchers also discovered a new interaction between lung tumors and the immune system.
these findings may provide an opportunity for researchers to develop new lung cancer treatments and help to better understand the biological mechanisms of lung cancer.
Picture Source: NCI.
by comparing tumors and normal tissue in people with a history of smoking and non-smoking, the researchers identified different pathways of expression in tumors in smokers and non-smokers, which could provide scientists with new biological insights at the DNA or RNA level, further highlighting the added value of proteinization, and the researchers noted that the ARHGEF5 protein may also be a potential target for non-smoking populations. All of this emphasizes that truly understanding the deep nuances of biology requires incredible integration, cross-molecular analysis, and cross-disciplinary collaboration, so these areas must come together to help researchers develop strategies that benefit patients,
, says Gillette, a researcher at the
.
another study published in the journal Cell, researchers conducted a supplementary study of lung cancer patients in East Asia, using protein genomics and precision oncology to help fight cancer, studying novel lung oncology, or effectively driving scientists to develop new strategies to diagnose lung cancer and manage patients.
researcher Satpathy points out that research and databases may accelerate the transformation of laboratories into clinical practice, and now researchers are considering whether they can build resources for inflammation or answer ingenual cancer biology and specific questions, while emphasizing the value and significance of proteomics' full understanding of tumor biology, which is not based solely on genomics, and which could help researchers identify new potential therapeutic targets and help create a sustainable mechanism to benefit lung cancer patients.
6.Cell: Gut bacteria can prevent mosquito-borne viral diseases: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.06.029 Chikungunya virus was once confined to the eastern hemisphere, but millions of people in the Americas have been infected since the discovery of mosquitoes carrying the virus in the Caribbean in 2013.
about half of chikungunya virus infections from people.