The Journal of Science on June 26, 2020.

June 30, 2020 /PRNewswire/ --- With the release of a new journal of Science (June 26, 2020), what are some of its great studies? Let the little ones come together.
picture from Science.
1.
. Science: Magical animals can make lost eyes grow again! New research reveals the mysteries of the
: 10.1126/science.aba3203; doi: 10.1126/science.abc8066 If the eyes of the small real vortex mediterranean vortex (Schmidta mediterranea), which live in fresh water, have an accident, they can grow their eyes back in a matter of days. How they do this is a scientific conundrum--- Peter Reddien's lab at the Whitehead Institute in the United States has been working on it for years.the lab's latest project offers some insight: In a new study, researchers at Reddien's lab identified a new class of cells that could act as a signpost to help guide its axons from the eye to the brain as they complete the difficult task of reconstructing their neural circuits. The findings were published in the June 26, 2020 issue of The Journal of Science with the title "Muscle and neuronal guidepost-like cells sle planarian visual system resei".true vortex is a popular model for studying regeneration, which can regrow almost any part of the body; the eye is an interesting part of the study, because the regenerative vision system requires the real vortex to reconnect its neurons to connect to the brain.when the nervous system develops in an embryo, the first neural fibers, called pioneer axons, meander through the tissues to form the neural circuits needed to sense and interpret external stimuli. The axons are helped along the way by special cells called road sign cells. These special cells are placed at the selection point -- where the path of the axon may be forked in different directions.
2.
. Science: Using a combination of bich spectrum and mass spectrometry to separate DNA ions rich in ostrich
doi: 10.1126/science.abb1822; doi: 10.1126/science.abc1294 In a new study, researchers from the University of Bordeaux in France have developed a method of using mass spectrometry to isolate DNA ions rich in bird slugs. The findings were published in the June 26, 2020 issue of The Journal of Science under the title "Mass-resolved electronic circular dichroism ion spectroscopy". In this paper, they describe their approach and how it might be used to extend the ability of mass spectrometry structural analysis. In response to the study, Perdita Barran of the University of Manchester, UK, published a commentary-type article in the journal Science at the same time, outlining the history of molecular hand-hand research in crystals and outlining the study.the researchers point out that circular dichroism spectroscopy is the primary tool for distinguishing non-identical mirror molecules. Round dicolority refers to the media has the characteristics of uneven absorption of the left and right plane polarization light, which leads to the ejection of the elliptical polarization. The circular dich spectrum technique is based on the absorption difference of the left and right circular polarization light. However, it requires a solution phase sample, which makes it difficult to interpret the results and limits its use in small molecules. In this new study, they developed a new way to achieve the same goals and make it easier to explain the results.the study involved combining the circular dich spectrum with mass spectrometry. They first used mass spectrometers to isolate a DNA sequence rich in ostrich that carried large amounts of ions. They then lasered the DNA --- forcing the DNA ion to lose an electron, changing its charge state. Then, by measuring the extent of the reaction, they were able to determine the hand and the polarization of the DNA ion. This allows them to obtain a mass spectrometry of the ions--- and then, by switching between different light polarizations, they can calculate the fillet. They also studied DNA and compounds of ammonium and potassium anti-ions, and thus gained a new perspective on the solventization of individual molecules.
.Science:The change in exposure mode determines the dynamics of the COVID-19 outbreak in China
doi: 10.1126/science.abb8001 in order to prevent the spread of the new coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in 2019, China has taken intensive non-drug interventions. As the spread of the disease intensifies in other countries, the interaction between age, contact patterns, social isolation, susceptibility to infection and COVID-19 dynamics remains unclear. To answer these questions, researchers from research institutions such as Fudan University in China analyzed contact survey data from Wuhan and Shanghai before and during the outbreak, as well as contact tracing information from Hunan Province. During the social isolation of COVID-19, daily exposure was reduced by 7 to 8 times, and most of the interactions were limited to the family. The authors found that children aged 0 to 14 were less likely to be infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus than adults aged 15 to 64 (advantage ratio of 0.34, 95% confidence interval 0.24 to 0.49), while people over 65 years of age were more susceptible to infection (advantage smaller than 1.47, 95% confidence interval 1.12 to 1.92). Based on these data, the authors built a model of transmission to study the effects of social isolation and school closures on the spread of disease. The authors found that china's social isolation during the outbreak was sufficient to control COVID-19. Although the active closure of schools itself can not block transmission, but can reduce the peak of the disease by 40% to 60%, thereby delaying the occurrence of the epidemic.. 4.
full-text compilation! Chinese scientists have structurally revealed the resivive inhibitory neo-coronavirus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase mechanism
doi: 10.1126/science.abc1560 SARS-CoV-2 is a positive-chain RNA virus. Its replication is mediated by a multi-sub-sub-subtype replication/transcription complex of viral non-structural proteins (nsp). The core component of this complex is the catalytic sub-sub-enzyme (nsp12) of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). Nsp12 itself has little activity and functions with cofactors including nsp7 and nsp8, which increase The template binding and continuous synthesis of RdRp. RdRp has also been proposed as a class of antiviral drugs called nucleotide analogues--- including the target of --- of remdesivir, also known as GS-5734, in which Redsivir is a precursor drug that can be converted into an active drug in the form of triphosphate in cells. Therefore, RdRp has been the focus of structural biology research. The scientists have worked out the structure of the nsp7, nsp8, and nsp12-nsp7-nsp8 complexes, and provided the overall structure of the RdRp complex. However, since there is no structure of THE compound formed by SARS-CoV-2 RdRp with RNA templates or nucleotide inhibitors, drug discovery is hampered. In a new study , researchers from the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhejiang University, Tsinghua University, Beijing Concord Hospital, Wuxi Yude Biological Sciences Co., Ltd., Shanghai Jiaotong University and Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Immune and Inflammatory Diseases analyzed two types of cryoscopy in combination with the SARS-CoV-2 RdRp complex in apo form and the template-prime RNA and the antiviral drug Remdesivir. The findings, recently published in the journal Science, are entitled "R-Rr basis for inhibition of THE RNA-dependent RNA polymerase from SARS-CoV-2 by remdesivir". . The COVID-19 pandemic has caused emotional pain and economic burden strain worldwide. Enzymes that are critical to the viral life cycle, because they differ from host proteins, are good targets for antiviral drugs. In viral enzymes, RdRp is the main target of many nucleotide-based drugs. In this paper, the researchers report on the apo form of the SARS-CoV-2 RdRp complex and the structure when combined with template-primerna and active form Redsiwe. These structures reveal how template-prime RNA is identified by this enzyme, and how Redsewe inhibits the extension of the chain. Structural comparisons and sequence comparisons show that the RdRp-identifying substrate RNA and Redsivir inhibition of RdRp are highly conservative in different RNA viruses, providing the basis for the design of broad-spectrum antiviral drugs based on nucleotide analogues. In addition, these structures provide a solid template for the modeling and modification of existing nucleotide-type drugs, including the powerful EIDD-2801. In summary, these observations provide a reasonable basis for designing more effective inhibitors to fight the malignant infection of SARS-CoV-2.
5. Science: Adaptive human prefrontal cortex
doi: 10.1126/science.aba3313 flexible switching between different tasks is a basic cognitive ability that allows us to selectively utilize only the information needed for a given decision. Minxha et al. used a single neuronal record of the patient to understand how the human brain retrieves memories on demand when it is needed, and how the memories retrieved dynamically move from the temporal lobe slot stolintormoste to the frontal lobe in the brain. When memory is not needed, only the neural activity of the inner cortex of the frontal lobe is related to the task. However, when the result selection requires memory retrieval, the prefrontal cortex neurons are phaselocked with the field potential recorded on the inside of the temporal lobe. Thus, depending on the needs of the task, neurons in different regions have the flexibility to participate and separate from their activity patterns.
6.Science: Exploring the fate of duplicate genes
doi: 10.1126/science.aaz5667; doi: 10.1126/science.abc1796 gene duplication in the organism is a more common event in evolution. However, we cannot predict the fate of duplicate genes. Will they disappear, evolve, or do they have functional overlapins in a biological system or species? Kuzmin et al. explored the fate of repetitive gene function in winey yeast. They looked at how experimental deletions of one or two duplicate genes (paralog) affect edidistribute's adaptability to yeast, and were able to determine which genes were likely to have evolved new basic functions and which retained overlapping functions, a situation the authors called entanglement. Based on these results, they suggest how entanglement affects the evolutionary trajectory of gene repetition.
7.Science: Using Fiber-seq to explore the basic structure of chromatin fibers
doi: 10.1126/science.aaz1646the structure of chromosome DNA, including the location of nucleosomes and non-nuclear small bodies along a single chromatic fiber, which is the basis for genomic function. However, most sequencing methods do not clarify this structure at the nucleotide level. Stergachis et al. proposed a method called Fiber-seq, which uses methyl metase to map chromatin fibers to the DNA template below to create a template in fruit flies and human cells. This method almost at the single molecular level to identify the chromatin structure, and can monitor the position of nuclear small body. Using Fiber-seq, the authors determined the relationship between regulatory DNA activation and nuclear small body positioning and DNA mutation.. 8.Science: The low-temperature electron-mirror structure of the human adhesion-NIPBL-DNA complex
doi: 10.1126/science.abb0981 a polyprotein complex that captures the separation of the sister chromosomes and forms DNA assembly by squeezing the DNA ring to regulate transcription. Shi et al. used cryogenic electrostoscopes at medium resolution to analyze the structure of human adhesion proteins, proteinNIBPL and DNA binding, and NIBPL helps load the adhesive proteins onto DNA. Two adenosine triphosphinase domains play a key role in the function of the adhesion protein. This structure explains how NIBPL and DNA work together to activate these domains and revealhow DNA is captured by muath proteins.
9.Science: The read-out mechanism of oct4-SOX2 base sequence on the nucleosome
doi: 10.1126/science.abb0074the identity of the cell is determined by the gene expression pattern determined by the binding of specific transcription factors. However, nuclear small elements limit the access of transcription factors to specific DNA base sequences within the mammalian genome. In order to study how transcription factors combine the base sequence of such chromatinization and nucleosome embedding, Michael and others focused on the polypottly factors OCT4 and SOX2. They systematically quantified these factors.