The influence of genetically modified regulations and its implementation rules on Soybean

Introduction: in the world, the earliest application of transgenic technology in crop production was in tobacco planting in the United States in the 1980s Later, transgenic soybeans, corn, wheat, rice and cotton emerged in transgenic crops The commercial cultivation of genetically modified soybeans began in the United States around 1993, and quickly spread to Argentina, Canada, Brazil and other countries Developed countries, such as Europe, America and Japan, have legislated transgenes for the sake of human health and environment On July 10, 1996, the Ministry of Agriculture issued the measures for the implementation of the management of agricultural genetically modified organisms On June 6, 2000, the regulations for the safety management of agricultural genetically modified organisms were issued Seven months later, on January 7, 2002, the supporting implementation rules were issued, including the measures for the safety evaluation and management of agricultural genetically modified organisms and the safety management of the import of agricultural genetically modified organisms The measures and the measures for the management of agricultural genetically modified organisms identification, which are to be formally implemented on March 20 of this year, will have a profound impact on the research, test, production, processing, operation, import and export of agricultural genetically modified organisms in China Because genetically modified soybean is the first batch of agricultural genetically modified organisms to implement labeling management, and in recent years, the import of soybean ranks first in the import of agricultural products, this paper focuses on the impact of the introduction of genetically modified regulations and their implementation rules on soybean 1 The production and consumption of genetically modified soybeans in the world Since 1994, the soybean production in the United States has been a record in the country for years, rising from 59.24 million tons of the total soybean production at that time to 79.55 million tons in 2001, an increase of more than 20 million tons At present, the annual output of genetically modified soybeans in the United States is more than 55 million tons, close to 70% of its total output After the success of commercial planting of genetically modified soybean in the United States, Argentina, Uruguay and Canada in South America have followed suit, and have been promoted rapidly and widely According to the statistics of relevant departments, in 2000, the total planting area of GM soybeans in the world was over 44.2 million hectares, while in 1996, the planting area of GM soybeans in the world was only 1.7 million hectares At present, there are more than 13 countries planting genetically modified soybeans in the world, among which the United States is the first, followed by Argentina Although Brazil does not officially recognize the cultivation of genetically modified soybeans, it actually has a large planting area On July 5, 2001, a survey released by the U.S Department of agriculture showed that 33.3 million hectares of genetically modified soybeans were planted in the United States, accounting for 68% of the planting area It is estimated that the planting area of genetically modified crops in the United States, Canada, Argentina and Brazil accounts for more than 95% of the total planting area of genetically modified crops in the world China is the fourth largest soybean producer in the world, but the production of transgenic soybean is still in its infancy Its transgenic soybean accounts for less than 1% of the world's total yield China has great potential in increasing the cultivation of genetically modified soybeans In terms of the consumption of genetically modified soybeans, countries all over the world are cautious, because it is generally believed that there is always a risk of residue in any case of detection After all, the experiment is only a simplification of reality, rather than the fact itself The future results are unknown and need time to be confirmed Consumers all want to have the right to know, and they need to mark the relevant products so that they can choose when they consume Relatively speaking, the residents of the richer countries in the world generally choose the non genetically modified food with higher price, and they are not eager to choose and consume genetically modified products, because they have enough food and enough purchasing power, such as the European Union, Japan and other countries, the United States, Canada and other developed countries, although they also grow a large number of genetically modified crops, but more for export, rather than for export The poorer countries generally choose the genetically modified food with lower price, or no choice, because for them, there is always better than no, and there is not enough money to pick and choose 2 The impact on scientific research and production Article 9 of the administrative measures for the safety evaluation of agricultural genetically modified organisms points out that the safety of agricultural genetically modified organisms shall be evaluated and managed at different levels According to the degree of risk to human beings, animals and plants, microorganisms and ecological environment, the agricultural genetically modified organisms are divided into the following four levels: safety level I: there is no risk yet; safety level II: there is low risk; safety level III: there is moderate risk; safety level IV: there is high risk It is also pointed out in Article 10 that the safety evaluation and determination of the safety level of agricultural genetically modified organisms shall be carried out according to the following steps: (1) determining the safety level of receptor organisms; (2) determining the type of impact of gene operation on the safety level of receptor organisms; (3) determining the safety level of genetically modified organisms; (4) determining the impact of production and processing activities on the safety of genetically modified organisms; (5) determining the transformation Safety level of genetic products Article 36 stipulates that genetically modified organisms with safety class II, III and IV shall be destroyed and inactivated by reliable measures before waste treatment and discharge, so as to prevent the spread and pollution of the environment If it is found that the genetically modified organisms diffuse, remain or cause harm, it is necessary to take immediate and effective measures to control and eliminate them and report to the local agricultural administrative department This shows that only GM products with safety level I can enter the production and consumption fields In addition, the measures also have detailed regulations on application and approval, technical testing, supervision and management, and safety monitoring China is a country with a large population, and the per capita cultivated land area is below the world average It is a basic national policy for China's agricultural development to develop grain production and find reliable means to increase grain yield The agricultural organisms cultivated by transgenic technology can achieve the goal of disease resistance, insect resistance, drought and flood resistance and greatly increase the per unit yield, which is obviously the development direction of Chinese agriculture However, on the basis of no pollution to human health, animals and plants, microorganisms and environmental ecology, otherwise, the pursuit of increasing production of food and other crops at the expense of environmental security will not pay off, or even cause irreversible losses Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the safety management of genetically modified agricultural organisms The implementation of the regulations on the safety management of genetically modified agricultural organisms will undoubtedly provide the most effective way for China to increase production and eliminate public hazards It can be imagined that the research and application of transgenic technology in China will enter a new stage China's crops, including soybeans, will have a new breakthrough in per unit yield In the future, China's soybean production is likely to put an end to the current stagnant situation and enter a period of rapid growth, just like Brazil and Argentina in South America 3 The impact on import and export before the "Regulations on the safety management of agricultural genetically modified organisms" was issued, China had no restrictions on the import of genetically modified soybeans, and made no difference in the use, which led to the influx of cheap genetically modified soybeans into the country In recent years, China's soybean import volume has increased continuously, and in 2000, it doubled compared with the previous year and exceeded 10 million tons Although this is related to the factors of expanding demand, it is more related to the price advantage of GM soybeans The implementation of the regulations may reduce the import of soybeans, because it not only increases the import procedures, but also strengthens the quality requirements From the perspective of China's soybean import, it is mainly used as processing raw materials to produce soybean oil, soybean meal and other kinds of soybean products, which can be said to be completely within the scope of human food chain Therefore, its safety requirements are high Obviously, only products with safety level I can be allowed to be imported Article 12 of the administrative measures for the import safety of agricultural genetically modified organisms stipulates that if an overseas company exports agricultural genetically modified organisms to the people's Republic of China for processing raw materials, it shall apply to the administrative office for the safety of agricultural genetically modified organisms for obtaining the safety certificate of agricultural genetically modified organisms Article 13 further specifies the specific rules When applying for the above-mentioned application, the overseas company shall provide the following materials: (1) import safety management registration form (see Appendix); (2) safety evaluation application form (see Appendix V of administrative measures for safety evaluation of agricultural genetically modified organisms); (3) the exporting country or region has been allowed to use and put it into the market for the corresponding purpose Certification documents of the market; 4) materials of exporting countries or regions that have been proved to be harmless to human beings, animals and plants, microorganisms and ecological environment through scientific tests; 5) test reports on the safety of human beings, animals and plants, microorganisms and ecological environment issued by the technical testing institutions entrusted by the Ministry of agriculture; 6) proposed to be adopted by overseas companies in the process of exporting to the people's Republic of China Safety precautions taken After passing the safety assessment, the Ministry of Agriculture shall issue the safety certificate of agricultural genetically modified organisms This increases the difficulty of import operation At the same time, the decision of the Ministry of agriculture on whether to approve the applicant's application was completed within 270 days, which in a sense slowed down the import speed To some extent, it controls the randomness and blindness of imports This will aggravate the supply and demand gap of soybean in the short term The implementation of the regulations will also have a greater impact on the change of national consumption concept With the more and more "informed", it will have a subtle relationship with the formation of people's consumption psychology As a result, non transgenic soybeans are more and more popular, while transgenic soybeans and their products gradually fade out of the market This differentiation will result in the relative scarcity of the former and the relative excess of the latter 4 Impact on price formation before the regulations were issued, there was no comparative standard between genetically modified and non genetically modified soybeans, so the price was unified But after the regulations were issued, the price difference between them was also opened Because of its low yield per unit area and easy to be affected by the climate and pests, the coagulated labor cost of non transgenic soybean is higher; at the same time, its safety is high, it is easy to be accepted by people, and its brand value is high Therefore, the price of this kind of soybean is relatively high On the contrary, the price of transgenic soybean is low because of the high yield, low production cost, environmental factors and consumer confidence discount According to international practice, the price of non transgenic soybean is 15% - 20% higher than that of transgenic soybean Most of the soybean produced in China is non transgenic soybean Therefore, it has strong competitiveness in the world and its price is relatively high (author:) share to feed Weibo share to: