The fourth wave of China's urbanization has roughly excluded farmers

Introduction: different cities, the same problem The future of China's urbanization has become a common concern of city managers who participated in the 2005 China Mayor's forum Compared with the previous two mayors' forums, the theme of this forum obviously has the characteristics of the times - "development, economy and efficiency" From August 29 to 30, more than 200 representatives, including mayors, central departments, provincial and district officials, well-known experts and entrepreneurs from all over the country, gathered in Yiwu, Zhejiang Province They discussed the following topics: Current Macro Thinking and construction practice of urban development and construction, experience in adjusting urban and rural economic structure and transforming economic growth mode, and comprehensive urban planning, construction and management Benefit, regional resource saving, industrial cluster construction and China's urbanization road, etc In addition to Wang Qishan, the president of the association and mayor of Beijing, who delivered a passionate speech, the mayors of Suifenhe, Weihai, Urumqi, Karamay and other "cold" cities also took the stage With great enthusiasm, they introduced their cities to all the participants and expounded their ideas and ideas on urban development In contrast, the cities in the south of China seem to be low-key, which seems to convey a certain signal to people The cities in the northeast and the West are unwilling to be lonely and are greeting the fourth wave of urbanization in China with a positive attitude In fact, due to China's vast territory, different natural conditions and different levels of social and economic development, it is difficult to meet the needs of urban development in China to emphasize the development of a certain type of city At present, the urbanization level of our country has entered a state of acceleration, perhaps the situation reflected in this forum can provide a new perspective for the current academic debate on the priority development of large cities and small towns The fourth wave? Since the founding of the people's Republic of China, from the perspective of time sequence, urbanization has experienced the healthy development period in 1950's and the abnormal development period in 60-70's, and entered the rapid development period from 80's In the next 10 years, 150-200 million rural people will be transferred to cities By 2020, the level of urbanization in China will probably reach about 60% According to the historical experience of the international urbanization process, the level of urbanization is between 40% and 70%, which is a period of accelerating urbanization At present, the level of urbanization in China is at 30% Historically, the first wave of urbanization in China appeared after the founding of the people's Republic of China In the 10 years from 1949 to 1959, with the recovery of the national economy, it soon entered into large-scale urban construction and transformation Around 694 key construction projects, the development policy of "key construction and steady progress" was adopted Six new cities were built, 20 cities were expanded on a large scale, and 74 cities were generally expanded In this stage, driven by urban pulling force, loose employment system and household registration policy, thousands of rural working people enter the city and devote themselves to the vigorous urban economic construction During this period, China's urban population increased rapidly By 1957, the national urban population increased from 57.65 million at the time of the founding of the people's Republic to 99.49 million, an increase of 72.58%, while the rural population increased from 48.4.02 million to 547.04 million, only an increase of 13.02% The growth rate of urban population is much higher than that of rural population The other result of the first wave of urbanization is to drive the whole national economy The output of iron and steel, coal, electricity, cotton and grain exceeded the highest level before the founding of the people's Republic of China The second wave of urbanization in China occurred from 1958 to 1978, which is a kind of abnormal urbanization Because of the "great leap forward" movement, a series of production goals were set artificially, which were divorced from the reality A large number of rural people entered the city, resulting in the rapid growth of urban population, which was not in line with the development of national economy, and the shortage of agricultural products Finally, the city was forced to reduce the number of workers and urban population on a large scale, and the urbanization entered a stagnant period, which began with the "Cultural Revolution" in 1966, It makes the urbanization process of our country appear retrogression again At this stage, China's highly centralized planned economic system and political movement have restricted the development of urban economy, and the urban development strategy has also made serious mistakes The "control of big cities" development strategy formulated by the state, long-term implementation of the urban and rural household registration management system with the color of the times, hindered the flow of population, bound 80% of the total rural population on the land, which has an impact on the urbanization process The adverse effects of the project have continued to this day The spring of China's urbanization began in 1978 at the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China In rural areas, the responsibility system of agricultural production has changed various disadvantages of production under the people's commune system, given farmers the right of production and management, liberated the rural productivity, and created material conditions for the development of urbanization with the prosperity of agricultural economy At the same time, the rise and development of township enterprises promote the flow of rural population to cities and towns, thus greatly accelerating the process of urbanization in China The number of county to city and township to town changes has increased, and the urban population has also increased dramatically The newly established towns not only expand the scale of urban land, but also change the nature of the original rural population living in them, and become urban population In addition, the increasing number of national urban economic development zones has greatly increased the urban population and urban area, which is the third wave of urbanization According to Chen Huai, director of the Institute of urban and rural development and economics of China, since 2000, the scale expansion of large and medium-sized central cities and the corresponding acceleration of urban construction and urban economic activity have been launched and shown great vitality Inspired by the experience of Shenzhen construction in the 1980s and Pudong Development in Shanghai in the 1990s, after Beijing's "bid for the Olympic Games" and Shanghai's "bid for the Expo", all regions have greatly strengthened the position of urbanization in their own development strategies It can be said that the great acceleration of the urbanization process was unexpected in the tenth five year plan According to China urban development report (2003-2004), by the end of 2003, China's urbanization rate was 10 percentage points lower than the world average and 30 percentage points lower than the world average in developed countries Although there were only 67 cities built in 1949, the proportion of urban population is still small with the increase of population China's urbanization level lags behind the level of economic and social development and the level of industrial development, which has become a "huge bottleneck" that seriously restricts the improvement of China's comprehensive strength and national competitiveness [NextPage] Therefore, the next 20 years will be a period of strategic opportunities for China's social and economic development To vigorously promote China's urbanization is not only the historical requirement of building a moderately prosperous society in an all-round way and realizing modernization, but also an important strategic measure to effectively remove the "bottleneck" of China's economic and social constraints and ensure China's rapid, sustainable and healthy economic and social development It is reasonable to conclude that China's urbanization process It has entered the fourth wave The so-called urbanization refers to the historical process of the transformation of human production and life style from rural to urban, which is reflected in the transformation of rural population to urban population and the process of continuous development and improvement of the city If we further define and analyze the meaning of urbanization from the perspective of new institutional economics, in the process of urbanization, cities (including cities and towns) are institutional arrangements that are evolved from rural areas (villages) and different from rural population settlement and its activity mode Therefore, urbanization can be understood as transforming an agricultural population into a non-agricultural population, and rural areas into urban areas, Agricultural activities are transformed into non-agricultural activities, rural values are transformed into urban values, and rural lifestyles are transformed into urban lifestyles In this comprehensive transformation process, there are many problems to be solved, which need great wisdom and courage In this mayor forum, many mayors talked about similar problems, which can be called "growing pains" Although China's urbanization has achieved a lot, on the whole, the level of urbanization still lags behind the development of society, which shows that compared with the developed countries in the world, the added value of the tertiary industry accounts for a relatively low proportion of GDP, urbanization is not compatible with China's economic development level and employment structure, and the level of urbanization lags behind the level of industrial development Secondly, there are still regional differences in China's urbanization level, which leads to regional differences in national economic development Since modern times, the southeast coastal area is the most developed area in China's economy and culture It has obvious ladder shape with the central and western areas The eastern part is faster than the central part, the central part faster than the western part, and the coastal area faster than the inland In addition, China's urbanization is seriously divorced from modernization Cities pay more attention to the construction of hardware and facilities, but despise the construction of urban software and urban management In the process of accelerating urbanization, they pay more attention to the increase of urban population, but less attention to the improvement of population quality Most citizens are lack of civic awareness, lack of overall planning, and neglect of urban environment Protection, less urban green space, serious soil erosion, serious air pollution, poor water environment quality, resulting in urban "heat island" effect and "Rain Island" phenomenon The phenomenon of "spreading big cake" in urban development is also serious, resulting in low land use rate, and even some local governments occupy farmers' land for free Professor Lu Xueyi, a scholar, has an image saying: "China's urbanization is to ask for your land, your trees, your food but not your people China's urbanization has been very rough to exclude farmers." As proposed in China urban development report 2003-2004, the overall task and development direction of China's urbanization in the new round of economic growth strategic opportunity period must answer seven questions: how to truly implement the guiding principle of "coordinated development of large, medium and small cities and small towns"? Is the direction of urban development still in accordance with the traditional unipolar expansion? How to change the disadvantages of urban-rural separation, intercity separation, local protection and vicious competition? How to break the industrial layout convergence, everywhere small and complete repeated waste? How to eliminate the increasingly serious "urban disease"? How to expand urban employment and create more employment opportunities? How to achieve the overall goal of "coordinated development, comprehensive development and sustainable development" of urban and rural regional economic integration? According to the report, only through the revolutionary transformation of the strategic form of urbanization development, can we truly achieve regional economic integration, obtain high development dividends, reduce the total cost of development and eliminate the dual structure of urban and rural areas, so as to achieve the goal of social equity and sustainable economic and social development Some experts say that in the development process since the founding of new China, urbanization strategy is the most wavering and the most learned strategy Facing the new turning period of GDP per capita exceeding 1000 US dollars and urbanization rate exceeding 40%, it is necessary to reexamine China's urbanization strategy with a new perspective and sum up experience and education under the background of the era of scientific development concept leading the overall economic and social development