Tao "two reforms and four highs" light, high-quality, high-efficiency and green production technology system

By the end of 2019, peach cultivation area of 890,000 HM ² , production of 15,993,000 t, ranking first in the world
.
In response to the outdated peach cultivation model in China, management costs, increased soil acidification and salinization , low fertilizer and water use efficiency, poor fruit quality, lack of high-quality fruit and other outstanding problems, the project team developed a light, high-quality, high-efficiency, and green production technology .
Scientific research, innovative integration and construction of six key technologies including "improvement of soil, improved variety structure, high light efficiency and labor-saving tree shape, efficient use of fertilizer and water, high- standard flower and fruit management, and high-efficiency prevention and control of pests and diseases " and other 6 types of key technologies.
The production technology system has realized the light, high-quality, and efficient production of peaches, and produced five good-quality fruits that are "good looking, delicious, good luck, good selling, and good thinking", leading the consumption trend and enhancing market competitiveness.
It provides technical support for the healthy and sustainable development of China's peach industry, realizes the replicable and popularization of the peach green and high-quality development model, significantly reduces the application of chemical fertilizers and chemical pesticides, effectively saves water resources, and protects the ecological environment , The ecological benefits are significant
.
The key technologies are summarized as follows
.

 

Improve the soil

 

The purpose of soil improvement is to increase soil organic matter and nutrient content, improve soil properties, and improve soil fertility
.
Soil improvement measures mainly include planting green manure, applying more organic fertilizers, increasing application of microbial fertilizers, mixing sand and clay, draining and washing salt, and applying physiological acid or alkaline fertilizers
.
Among them, the whole garden or in-row grasses significantly alleviate the root floating problems caused by soil acidification, salinization and drip irrigation.
It is one of the most important technical measures to solve the source of organic fertilizer in peach orchards, reduce the use of chemical fertilizers, improve soil quality, and build ecological orchards.

.
The suitable grass species is ryegrass, etc.
, suitable for peach orchards with average annual precipitation> 600mm or with irrigation conditions
.
Under normal circumstances, when the grass grows to 30~40cm, use a grass cutter to leave 5~10cm of stubble to smash; if the climate is too dry, when the height of the grass is about 20cm, leave 5~10cm of stubble to smash; if there is too much precipitation, wait When the grass is about 50cm high, leave 5~10cm stubble to crush
.
The sowing period of grass seeds is divided into spring sowing and autumn sowing.
In warm areas, autumn sowing is generally better.
Sowing too early is easy to be harmed by weeds, and if it is too late, it is easy to freeze and cannot overwinter and die; Northeast, northwest and other cold regions are mostly Sowing in spring and sowing in time after thawing to avoid the emergence of weeds
.

 

Improved variety structure

 

Choose to improve the variety structure of suitable varieties suitable for management, labor-saving, different maturity periods, and different appearances to satisfy consumers, producers and operators for high-quality, diversified, high-efficiency, low-cost, consistent and stable quality of fruits , The demand for the annual supply of fresh fruits is the primary task to achieve simple, high-quality, high-efficiency and green production of peaches
.

 

Ordinary peach seed

 

Chunxue, Chunmi, Zhongnong Hantao No.
1 And other varieties
.
With the help of delayed cultivation technology, Zhongnong Late Mi can be launched in December, Zhongnong Dongxue Mi can be launched on New Year's Day, and Zhongnong Dongxue Mi can be launched from New Year's Day to Spring Festival
.

 

Flat peach varieties

 

Zaolupan, Ruipan 1, Ruipan 2, Ruipan 3, Ruipan 4, Ruipan 5, Ruipan 21, Zhongqiupan, Zhongpan 11, Zhongpan 13, Zhongpan 15 No.
and other varieties
.

 

　　Nectarine Seed

 

　　Zhongnong Zaozhu, Zhongyou No.
4, Jinhui, Jinshuo, Jinming, Zhongyou No.
21, Zhongnong Pearl, Zhongnong Late Pearl, Zhongnong Safflower Pearl, Zhongnong Choutao and other varieties
.
Zhongnong Zaozhu, Zhongnong Pearl, Zhongnong Late Pearl and Zhongnong Safflower Pearl Fruit are compact, free of thinning, and are of excellent quality, leading the market consumption trend and broad market prospects; and Zhongnong pearl branches are opened, management is labor-saving, and aphid-resistant and beneficial Green production
.

 

　　Oil flat peach varieties

 

　　Zhongnong Pearl Oil Flat Peach, Zhongyou Pan No.
7, Zhongyou Pan No.
9 and other varieties
.
Among them, Zhongnong Pearl Oil Flat Peach is a compact, free from thinning, and has excellent quality.
It is one of the varieties with high soluble solid content in the very early varieties
.

 

　　High luminous efficiency and labor-saving tree shape

 

　　★ Trunk-shaped tree ★

 

　　The tree shape has the advantages of relatively uniform spatial distribution of the fruiting branches, good ventilation and light transmission, high utilization of light energy, rapid formation of a large number of branches and leaves, rapid increase in early production, easy reshaping, management and labor-saving, and convenient mechanized operations
.
Pay attention to the tree shape to prevent the occurrence of the phenomenon of strong upwards and weak downwards.
At the same time, the tree shape also needs to stand up pillars to support the trunk (Figure 1)
.

　　Figure 1 Trunk-shaped tree

 

　　The suitable row spacing is 2.
0m×1.
0m (facility cultivation) or 3.
0~4.
0m×1.
0~1.
5m (open field cultivation)
.
The height of the tree is 1.
0~2.
0m (facility cultivation) or 2.
5~3.
5m (open field cultivation); the main stem height is 0.
4~0.
6m (facility cultivation) or 0.
8~1.
2m (open field cultivation); the central stem is directly attached to the fruiting branch group, Evenly distributed, the spacing between adjacent branch groups is 10~15cm, and the spacing between adjacent branch groups is 50~60cm; the angle between the branch groups and the trunk transitions from 70° to 90° from bottom to top
.
Except for the lower part of the main trunk, there is 1 pinning branch, there are no side branches, and the rest are fruiting branches
.
The thickness of the pinned branches is 1/3~1/2 of the thickness of the main trunk branch, and the angle between the main trunk branch is 80~90°, and 6~10 fruiting branches grow on it to control the growth, stabilize the tree vigor, and reduce or Avoid the problem of being strong and weak
.

 

　　★ Opposite V-shaped tree ★

 

　　The tree shape has relatively uniform spatial distribution of fruiting branches, good ventilation and light transmission, high utilization of light energy, rapid formation of a large number of branches and leaves, natural reduction of branch length, rapid increase of early yield, good balance of vegetative growth and reproductive growth, and reproductive growth.
Strengthening and conducive to the production of high-quality fruits, the main branches are not easy to split when growing oppositely, easy to reshape, management and labor-saving, and convenient for mechanized operations (Figure 2)
.

　　Figure 2 Opposite V-shaped tree

 

　　The suitable row spacing is 2.
0m×1.
0m (facility cultivation) or 3.
0~4.
0m×1.
0~1.
5m (open field cultivation)
.
The height of the tree is 1.
0~2.
0m (facility cultivation) or 2.
5~3.
5m (open field cultivation); the main trunk height is 0.
4~0.
6m (facility cultivation) or 0.
8~1.
2m (open field cultivation), with 2 opposing growth on the main stem The main branch is V-shaped, and the angle between the two main branches is 30-50°
.
There are about 30 fruiting branches on each main branch, and about 70 fruiting branches on the whole tree.
The spacing between the resultant branches is 10~15cm, and the angle between the resultant branches and the main branch is about 90°, which is horizontal or slightly drooping.

.
Different from the traditional V-shaped two main branches growing backwards, the two main branches of this tree shape grow in opposite directions, which effectively solves the problem of easy splitting of the main branches in the full fruit stage
.
Each main branch has no side branches except for one restraining branch at the base, and the rest are fruiting branches
.
The thickness of the pinned branches is 1/3~1/2 of the thickness of the main trunk branches, and the angle between the main branches is 80~90°, and there are about 6 fruiting branches on them, in order to control the growth, stabilize the tree vigor, and reduce or Avoid the problem of being strong and weak
.

 

　　★ Horizontal center trunk with multiple upright main branches ★

 

　　The tree shape is a two-dimensional structure tree shape.
Compared with the trunk shape, the tree shape has better lighting, consistent fruit quality and significantly improved, which is beneficial to mechanized operations
.
The tree-shaped multi-upright main branches have the advantage of dispersing the tops, alleviating tree vigor, and balancing vegetative growth and reproductive growth (Figure 3)
.

　　Figure 3 Horizontal central trunk with multiple upright main branches

 

　　Suitable row spacing is 2.
0m×1.
0~2.
0m (facility cultivation) or 3.
0~4.
0m×1.
0~2.
0m (open field cultivation)
.
Tree height 1.
0~2.
0m (facility cultivation) or 2.
5~3.
5m (open field cultivation); base trunk height 0.
4~0.
6m (facility cultivation) or 0.
8~1.
2m (open field cultivation); central stem extends horizontally along the row direction, length 1.
0~2.
0m; the main branch grows upright on the horizontal central trunk, the length of the main branch is 0.
6~2.
5m; the distance between the main branches is 40~60cm; the resultant branch directly grows on the main branch, and the resultant branch is 10~15cm apart.
There are 6-20 fruiting branches on the branches, and the fruiting branches are evenly distributed on the main branch, and they are horizontal or slightly drooping
.

 

　　★ The horizontal central stem is multi-opposing inclined main branch tree ★

 

　　The tree-shaped multi-main branches have the advantages of dispersing the tops, alleviating tree vigor, inhibiting vegetative growth, and promoting reproductive growth; the main branches are inclined, which has the effect of high light energy utilization and strong photosynthesis; the main branches are inclined oppositely, which can be Effectively prevent the occurrence of main branch splitting and baldness at the base of the main branch
.
Compared with the trunk shape, the fruit quality of this tree shape is significantly improved and the consistency is good (Figure 4)
.

　　Figure 4 Horizontal central trunk with multiple oppositely inclined main branches tree shape

 

　　Suitable row spacing is 2.
0m×1.
0~2.
0m (facility cultivation) or 3.
0~4.
0m×1.
0~2.
0m (open field cultivation)
.
Tree height 1.
0~2.
0m (facility cultivation) or 2.
5~3.
5m (open field cultivation); base trunk height 0.
4~0.
6m (facility cultivation) or 0.
8~1.
2m (open field cultivation); central stem extends horizontally along the row direction, length 1.
0~2.
0m; the main branch is born on the horizontal central trunk, and is distributed obliquely to both sides, the angle between the main branch and the vertical direction is 20~45°, the length of the main branch is 1.
0~1.
5m; the distance between adjacent main branches is 20~ 30cm, the distance between the main branches on the same side is 40~60cm; the resultant branches are directly installed on the main branch, and the resultant branches are 10~15cm apart, and each main branch has 8~15 fruiting branches, and the resultant branches are evenly distributed on both sides of the main branch.
It is level or slightly drooping
.

 

　　Efficient fertilizer and water use

　　★ Efficient use of fertilizer ★

 

　　Determine the fertilizer formula for fertilization according to the key parameters such as the nutrient demand law of the peach tree, the amount of soil nutrients, the nutrient content of the fertilizer, the fertilizer utilization rate, the target yield and quality and other key parameters.
The formula is as follows:

 

　　The amount of fertilizer applied to the target output at a certain growth stage = (the amount of nutrients required for the target output of the growth stage-the amount of soil nutrients)/(fertilizer nutrient content × fertilizer nutrient utilization rate)

 

　　The nutrient requirement of the target output at a certain growth stage = the nutrient requirement of the annual target output × the distribution ratio of the nutrient requirement of the growth stage

 

　　Nutrient requirement for target output at a certain growth stage

 

　　(1) The amount of nutrients required for the annual target output
.
Taking Chunxue peach as an example, to produce 1000kg of fruit, the demand for various mineral elements of the peach tree is 2.
94kg nitrogen, 1.
11kg phosphorus, 4.
01kg potassium, 3.
08kg calcium, 0.
76kg magnesium, 37.
24g iron, 2.
26g manganese, and 7.
46 zinc.
g.
Copper 1.
45g, boron 3.
03g, molybdenum 2.
00g
.

 

　　(2) The distribution ratio of the nutrient requirements in this reproductive stage
.
Peach trees continuously absorb various mineral nutrients throughout the growth and development process, and the absorption of each nutrient varies with the growth stage
.

 

　　①Sprouting stage to full blooming stage: The ratios of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, manganese, zinc, copper, boron, molybdenum and other nutrients absorbed in this growth stage to the annual absorption are 23.
00% and 17.
64, respectively.
%, 0.
66%, 21.
67%, 21.
84%, 7.
62%, 28.
79%, 18.
37%, 31.
42%, 0.
42%, 3.
39%;

 

　　②Flowering stage to hard-core stage: The ratios of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, manganese, zinc, copper, boron, molybdenum and other nutrients absorbed in this growth stage accounted for 15.
94% of the annual absorption, respectively.
0.
49%, 33.
10%, 30.
59%, 13.
98%, 5.
78%, 4.
78%, 9.
85%, 10.
89%, 73.
91%, 51.
98%;

 

　　③Hard-core stage to fruit color conversion stage: The ratio of the absorbed nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, manganese, zinc, copper, boron, molybdenum and other nutrients to the annual absorption in this growth stage is 36.
04, respectively %, 32.
46%, 10.
21%, 41.
76%, 46.
83%, 15.
28%, 3.
71%, 19.
55%, 29.
10%, 0.
13%, 19.
68%;

 

　　④Fruit color change to maturity: the nutrient amounts of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, manganese, zinc, copper, boron, molybdenum and other nutrients absorbed in this growth stage accounted for 22.
77% of the annual absorbed amount, respectively , 4.
89%, 32.
12%, 1.
66%, 13.
64%, 24.
04%, 40.
04%, 12.
22%, 5.
82%, 1.
92%, 19.
97%;

 

　　⑤Fruit harvest period to defoliation period: the absorption of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, manganese, zinc, copper, boron, molybdenum and other nutrients in this growth stage accounted for 2.
25% of the annual absorption amount respectively , 44.
52%, 23.
90%, 4.
32%, 3.
70%, 47.
28%, 22.
69%, 40.
00%, 22.
77%, 23.
62%, 4.
98%
.

 

　　Soil nutrient content

 

　　Without fertilization, the amount of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and trace elements in the soil that have been supplied to the tree body for the annual absorption and utilization is called the natural fertilizer supply
.
The natural fertilizer supply of the three elements of fertilizers measured from all parts of the country is approximately: nitrogen fertilizer accounts for 1/3 of the annual absorption of fruit trees, phosphorus accounts for 1/2, and potassium accounts for 1/2
.

 

　　Fertilizer nutrient content

 

　　The nutrient content of chemical fertilizers and commercial organic fertilizers is generally based on the content or measured value indicated on the factory packaging bag, and the nutrient content of farm manure is generally calculated based on the measured value or experience (Table 1)
.

　　Fertilizer utilization

 

　　Refers to the amount of nutrients absorbed in the fertilization that year
.
For specific calculations, refer to the current year's utilization rate of commonly used organic fertilizers and inorganic fertilizers, as shown in Table 2
.

　　If possible, you can also use leaf analysis (nutrition diagnosis method), soil fertility analysis, etc.
to determine the specific fertilization amount.
This is a more scientific method to determine the fertilization amount
.

 

　　★ Efficient use of water ★

 

　　Irrigation is carried out according to the key parameters such as the water demand law of peach trees and the relative water content of the soil
.

 

　　（1）
。，，，，，、
。

 

　　（2）
。、、、、（）、
。
。，0~60cm
。

 

　　（3）
。，70%~80%；1，75%~80%；，60%~80%；，60%~70%，，15~20d；，1，，
。，
。

 

　　（4）
。、、、
。

 

　　

　　★ ★

 

　　（1）
。、（）、；7d12（），
。

 

　　（2）
。，，
。

 

　　（3）
。（），，，
。

 

　　★ ★

　　

 

　　，；，；、，；、、，；，
。

 

　　

 

　　（1）
。，“”“”，、，
。：，9~10cm
。2，17d，1~2；21、，，3，2，1，10~15cm
。，40∶1，60∶1，37500~45000kg/hm2
。

 

　　（2）
。，、
。150，2，1，2~4d2，80%
。，，
。

 

　　★ ★

 

　　The production of high-end gift fruits such as artistic fruits by bagging and combining with stickers and patterns, drying the fruits or adjusting the shape of the fruits by molds, and combining exquisite packaging to improve the appearance quality of the fruits; spraying or soil application of amino acid selenium, amino acid zinc Foliar fertilizer can produce special nutritious fruits rich in selenium and zinc to supply the high-end consumer market
.

 

　　Efficient pest control

 

　　Follow the pest prevention and control strategy of “prevention first and comprehensive prevention”, give priority to green prevention and control measures such as agriculture, physics and biology, and select chemical pesticides according to the types, prevalence and resistance characteristics of pests
.

 

　　(1) Green control
.
Select disease-resistant and insect-resistant varieties, adopt cultivation modes and agricultural technical measures that reduce the occurrence of pests and diseases; use color panels, insecticidal lamps or sex pheromone to trap and kill, and use machinery to catch pests; protect natural enemies and increase population diversity in peach orchards; invest in predatory mites , Trichogramma and other beneficial natural enemies; use microbial, plant and mineral pesticides
.

 

　　(2) Chemical control
.
Pesticides are selected in accordance with the principle of "production must, safety first, and minimum risk"
.
Peach varieties have been registered on peaches or have pesticide residue limit standards on peaches.
Peach exports increase compared with the standards of exporting countries and require pesticides to be selected
.
It is preferred to use water, water emulsion, microemulsion and water dispersible granules that have no impact on the commercial properties of peaches and are environmentally friendly formulations
.
It is not recommended to use wettable powders and emulsifiable concentrates after the young fruit period
.
The safety protection and safe operation of pesticide users shall be implemented in accordance with the "General Rules of the Agricultural Industry Standards of the People's Republic of China on the Safe Use of Pesticides" (NY/T 1276—2007)
.
Combining with the occurrence of diseases and insect pests in a timely manner, strictly control the dosage and concentration, the frequency of application and the safety interval, and alternately use pesticides with different mechanisms of action
.