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As the old saying goes, the intestines are full of fat and brains
.
Although it is unknown how the ancients first connected the intestine and the brain, today, this idiom can have new annotations
.
The intestine and the brain are indeed closely related
.
The gut-brain axis has two-way communication.
The intestinal flora and its metabolites can directly or indirectly affect the nervous system, and even the related endocrine and immune systems through a variety of ways; the nervous system can also pass through the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) Affect intestinal function [1]
.
What is the longest contact time with the intestine? In addition to the gut microbes, our good friends, we have to count the various foods we eat and drink every day
.
In other words, does food also affect the brain? Recently, the Chen Diling research team of the Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences published a paper in Translational Psychiatry.
Researchers found that a high-sugar and high-fat diet can cause persistent low-grade inflammation in the intestines, and a continuous high-sugar and high-fat diet The structure of the intestinal flora is changed, and the brain also has low-grade inflammation and the cholinergic system is affected [2]
.
Scientists have known for a long time that a high-sugar and high-fat diet will have an impact on the intestinal tract, which can simultaneously change the composition of the intestinal microbial community and intestinal metabolites [3,4]
.
The intestinal flora and the body have a co-metabolism and mutual influence relationship.
The metabolism of many substances is closely related to the intestinal flora
.
But how these will further affect the brain is still unclear
.
The researchers tried to feed mice on a high-fat and high-sugar diet
.
In rat food, carbohydrate accounts for 46% and fat accounts for 17%
.
After being kept for 3 months, the researchers found that the structure of the intestinal flora of the mice had changed significantly.
Acidobacteria, Verrucomicrobia, Soft-walled bacteria, Firmicutes were significantly reduced, and Bacteroides , Proteobacteria, Deferrobacteria, Actinomycetes increased
.
At the same time, the expression of pro-inflammatory markers in the intestine is also affected
.
TNF-αIL-2, PPAR-γ, NF-κB increased, and caused tissue inflammation and pathological changes
.
It can be found that continuous inflammation leads to blurred cell boundaries and tissue damage in the small intestine and colon
.
Even more frightening is that pathological changes have also been found in multiple organs and tissues such as liver, kidney, spinal cord, spleen, fat and heart
.
Continuous high-sugar and high-fat diet induces mild inflammation of the intestines.
So what about the brain? The researchers analyzed the brain slices of the mice and found that the mice's neurons shrank, nerve fibers decreased, and the percentage of hypothalamic cell apoptosis increased
.
Consistent with this, the appetite of the mice increased and their body weight also rose linearly
.
Further analysis found that the number of astrocytes in the mice was significantly reduced, the activation of microglia increased, and cholinergic nerves were also affected
.
The central cholinergic system is closely related to learning and memory.
Acetylcholine (ACh) is one of the important neurotransmitters in the central cholinergic system.
Its main function is to maintain consciousness and play an important role in learning and memory
.
High-sugar and high-fat diet affects the brain cholinergic system and causes mild inflammation of the brain.
Considering that some bacteria can produce neurotransmitters with biological activity, and these neurotransmitters are thought to regulate the nervous system and behavior of the host[5 ], the researcher analyzed the relevant flora
.
Through multi-omics joint analysis, under a high-sugar and high-fat diet, Flavobacterium, Porphyromonas, Bifidobacteria, Bacteroides, Desulfovibrio, Enterococcus, Prebacteria, Lactobacillus And bacteria of the Streptococcus family may be related to the production of most brain neurotransmitters
.
Further analysis shows that the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in the brain may be interfered by bacteria from the genus Palapus, Rumenococcus, and Comamonas
.
Heat map of the correlation between neurotransmitters in brain tissue and intestinal flora.
Finally, the researchers also discovered an interesting phenomenon-eating the same food has different effects on different individuals
.
Trimethylamine oxide (TMAO), a by-product of a high-fat diet, is a metabolite of gut-derived flora, which is closely related to cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance and other diseases
.
Researchers gave normal rats and rats on a high-sugar and high-fat diet with trimethylamine (TMA).
Under the background of different intestinal flora, the conversion level of trimethylamine oxide (TMAO) is different, and it also affects liver tissue and blood lipid levels.
And the nervous system
.
The influence of different intestinal microbial backgrounds on the conversion of choline diet to TMAO Impact, precision nutrition also needs to pay attention to the structure of personalized intestinal flora
.
References: [1] Morais LH, Schreiber HL 4th, Mazmanian SK.
The gut microbiota-brain axis in behaviour and brain disorders.
Nat Rev Microbiol.
2021;19(4):241-255.
doi:10.
1038/s41579-020 -00460-0[2] Guo Y, Zhu X, Zeng M, et al.
A diet high in sugar and fat influences neurotransmitter metabolism and then affects brain function by altering the gut microbiota.
Transl Psychiatry.
2021;11(1): 328.
Published 2021 May 27.
doi:10.
1038/s41398-021-01443-2[3] Daniel H, Gholami AM, Berry D, et al.
High-fat diet alters gut microbiota physiology in mice.
ISME J.
2014;8 (2):295-308.
doi:10.
1038/ismej.
2013.
155[4] Liu Y, Yang K, Jia Y, et al.
Gut microbiome alterations in high-fat-diet-fed mice are associated with antibiotic tolerance [published online ahead of print, 2021 May 20].
Nat Microbiol.
2021;10.
1038/s41564-021-00912-0.
doi:10.
1038/s41564-021-00912-0[5] Strandwitz P.
Neurotransmitter modulation by the gut microbiota.
Brain Res.
2018;1693(Pt B):128-133.
doi:10.
1016/j.
brainres.
2018.
03.
015 Responsible editor | Daisiyu
.
Although it is unknown how the ancients first connected the intestine and the brain, today, this idiom can have new annotations
.
The intestine and the brain are indeed closely related
.
The gut-brain axis has two-way communication.
The intestinal flora and its metabolites can directly or indirectly affect the nervous system, and even the related endocrine and immune systems through a variety of ways; the nervous system can also pass through the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) Affect intestinal function [1]
.
What is the longest contact time with the intestine? In addition to the gut microbes, our good friends, we have to count the various foods we eat and drink every day
.
In other words, does food also affect the brain? Recently, the Chen Diling research team of the Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences published a paper in Translational Psychiatry.
Researchers found that a high-sugar and high-fat diet can cause persistent low-grade inflammation in the intestines, and a continuous high-sugar and high-fat diet The structure of the intestinal flora is changed, and the brain also has low-grade inflammation and the cholinergic system is affected [2]
.
Scientists have known for a long time that a high-sugar and high-fat diet will have an impact on the intestinal tract, which can simultaneously change the composition of the intestinal microbial community and intestinal metabolites [3,4]
.
The intestinal flora and the body have a co-metabolism and mutual influence relationship.
The metabolism of many substances is closely related to the intestinal flora
.
But how these will further affect the brain is still unclear
.
The researchers tried to feed mice on a high-fat and high-sugar diet
.
In rat food, carbohydrate accounts for 46% and fat accounts for 17%
.
After being kept for 3 months, the researchers found that the structure of the intestinal flora of the mice had changed significantly.
Acidobacteria, Verrucomicrobia, Soft-walled bacteria, Firmicutes were significantly reduced, and Bacteroides , Proteobacteria, Deferrobacteria, Actinomycetes increased
.
At the same time, the expression of pro-inflammatory markers in the intestine is also affected
.
TNF-αIL-2, PPAR-γ, NF-κB increased, and caused tissue inflammation and pathological changes
.
It can be found that continuous inflammation leads to blurred cell boundaries and tissue damage in the small intestine and colon
.
Even more frightening is that pathological changes have also been found in multiple organs and tissues such as liver, kidney, spinal cord, spleen, fat and heart
.
Continuous high-sugar and high-fat diet induces mild inflammation of the intestines.
So what about the brain? The researchers analyzed the brain slices of the mice and found that the mice's neurons shrank, nerve fibers decreased, and the percentage of hypothalamic cell apoptosis increased
.
Consistent with this, the appetite of the mice increased and their body weight also rose linearly
.
Further analysis found that the number of astrocytes in the mice was significantly reduced, the activation of microglia increased, and cholinergic nerves were also affected
.
The central cholinergic system is closely related to learning and memory.
Acetylcholine (ACh) is one of the important neurotransmitters in the central cholinergic system.
Its main function is to maintain consciousness and play an important role in learning and memory
.
High-sugar and high-fat diet affects the brain cholinergic system and causes mild inflammation of the brain.
Considering that some bacteria can produce neurotransmitters with biological activity, and these neurotransmitters are thought to regulate the nervous system and behavior of the host[5 ], the researcher analyzed the relevant flora
.
Through multi-omics joint analysis, under a high-sugar and high-fat diet, Flavobacterium, Porphyromonas, Bifidobacteria, Bacteroides, Desulfovibrio, Enterococcus, Prebacteria, Lactobacillus And bacteria of the Streptococcus family may be related to the production of most brain neurotransmitters
.
Further analysis shows that the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in the brain may be interfered by bacteria from the genus Palapus, Rumenococcus, and Comamonas
.
Heat map of the correlation between neurotransmitters in brain tissue and intestinal flora.
Finally, the researchers also discovered an interesting phenomenon-eating the same food has different effects on different individuals
.
Trimethylamine oxide (TMAO), a by-product of a high-fat diet, is a metabolite of gut-derived flora, which is closely related to cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance and other diseases
.
Researchers gave normal rats and rats on a high-sugar and high-fat diet with trimethylamine (TMA).
Under the background of different intestinal flora, the conversion level of trimethylamine oxide (TMAO) is different, and it also affects liver tissue and blood lipid levels.
And the nervous system
.
The influence of different intestinal microbial backgrounds on the conversion of choline diet to TMAO Impact, precision nutrition also needs to pay attention to the structure of personalized intestinal flora
.
References: [1] Morais LH, Schreiber HL 4th, Mazmanian SK.
The gut microbiota-brain axis in behaviour and brain disorders.
Nat Rev Microbiol.
2021;19(4):241-255.
doi:10.
1038/s41579-020 -00460-0[2] Guo Y, Zhu X, Zeng M, et al.
A diet high in sugar and fat influences neurotransmitter metabolism and then affects brain function by altering the gut microbiota.
Transl Psychiatry.
2021;11(1): 328.
Published 2021 May 27.
doi:10.
1038/s41398-021-01443-2[3] Daniel H, Gholami AM, Berry D, et al.
High-fat diet alters gut microbiota physiology in mice.
ISME J.
2014;8 (2):295-308.
doi:10.
1038/ismej.
2013.
155[4] Liu Y, Yang K, Jia Y, et al.
Gut microbiome alterations in high-fat-diet-fed mice are associated with antibiotic tolerance [published online ahead of print, 2021 May 20].
Nat Microbiol.
2021;10.
1038/s41564-021-00912-0.
doi:10.
1038/s41564-021-00912-0[5] Strandwitz P.
Neurotransmitter modulation by the gut microbiota.
Brain Res.
2018;1693(Pt B):128-133.
doi:10.
1016/j.
brainres.
2018.
03.
015 Responsible editor | Daisiyu
