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iNature
In vaccinated people, SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant infection typically results in asymptomatic to moderate COVID-19
.
Through vaccination and infection, immune cells can be reprogrammed or "imprinted" to create protective immunity to meet subsequent challenges
.
On November 16, 2022, the team of Cao Xuetao of Nankai University/Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences published an online report entitled "Innate immune imprints in SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant infection convalescents" online in Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy (IF=38).
", which depicts the natural immune profile
of Omicron-infected people based on multiomics integration analysis at the single-cell level.
In addition, on November 7, 2022, iNature took stock of 13 important results/reviews published by Cao Xuetao's team in 2022 (click to read).
.
Previous studies have reported that Omicron is largely able to evade recognition of neutralizing antibodies and T cells produced by vaccination or previous infection, resulting in immune escape, meaning that adaptive immunity responds less
to the new evolutionary branch of Omicron.
Natural immunosignature, also known as "training immunity," refers to natural immune memory
induced by natural infection or vaccination.
Both vaccines and infections transcribe and functionally reprogram immune cells or create "imprints," enhancing the innate immune response against subsequent infection
by the same or similar pathogen.
Many studies have been accumulated on the effects of the new coronavirus infection on the immune system, but the immune imprinting caused by Omicron infection is still not well
understood.
Therefore, an important scientific issue in this field is to study the natural immune imprinting caused by Omicron infection, analyze the role of natural immunity in disease progression and post-coronavirus syndrome, and gain a deeper understanding
of the occurrence and progression of new coronary pneumonia and strategies to prevent it.
Overall study design and schematic diagram of plasma cytokine and chemokine levels in patients convalescent from SARS-CoV-2 Omicron (from Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy).
In order to clarify the changes in immune cell composition and function caused by Omicron variant infection, the researchers recruited 143 patients who recovered from Omicron infection, and compared matched healthy people through single-cell targeting and transcriptome sequencing, cell surface proteome analysis and plasma cytokine quantification, depicting the natural immune landscape
of Omicron infection.
The researchers found that myeloid cells in Omicron recovered patients were still
dominated by reactive monocytes and low-density neutrophils.
Patients with the common type who experienced pneumonia in the acute phase had higher plasma concentrations of chemokine CXCL10 and more monocytes showing sustained IFN responsiveness.
Infected people who recovered from mild symptoms had more monocytes with IL-1β-responsive characteristics, and plasma IL-1β levels increased, suggesting that COVID-19 disease severity shaped cytokine/interferon-dominated natural immune imprinting
.
Most Omicron-infected people have milder symptoms than the original strain of the new coronavirus or previous infections with other variants, and the researchers provide two potential mechanisms
here.
First, the authors discovered and defined PI3+ neutrophils for the first time, revealing the cellular source of the circulating inflammatory and damage resistance factor PI3, and its important protective role
in Omicron infection.
Another mechanism may be mediated by VNN2hiregulatory monocytes and is critical
in regulating adaptive T cell responses.
This conclusion provides clues
to explain the low pathogenicity of Omicron.
The researchers found that when stimulated by the virus, EGR1 hi monocytes can differentiate into mature pro-inflammatory CCL3hi monocytes, revealing EGR1hi monocytes as a potential source of
cytokine storms.
Finally, the researchers also found that the incidence of post-coronavirus syndrome is higher in people with common infections than in people with mild infections, and interferon-responsive immune cells and cytokines may mediate the occurrence
of Post Acute-Sequelae of COVID-19.
In conclusion, this study depicts the natural immune map of Omicron infection based on multiomic meta-analysis at the single-cell level, and elucidates the natural immune response tendency of peripheral myeloid cells of Omicron infection with different disease severity, which provides clues
to explain the low pathogenicity of Omicron.
At the same time, the study revealed the potential source of cytokine storms caused by viral infection and the interferon response spectrum closely related to the occurrence of post-coronavirus syndrome, providing an important target for understanding and preventing post-coronavirus syndrome
.
Institute of Immunology of Nankai University/Immunotherapy Center of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Cao Xuetao, Shen Zhongyang of the First Central Hospital of Nankai University, Ren Xianwen of the Biomedical Frontier Innovation Center of Peking University, Liu Shuxun, State Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology of Naval Military Medical University are co-corresponding authors of the paper, and Li Zhiqing, Chen Xiaosu, Dan Junyan, Hu Tianju, Hu Ye, and Liu Shuxun are co-first authors
.
This work was supported
by the Guangzhou National Laboratory New Coronary Pneumonia Special Fund and the National Natural Science Foundation of China Basic Science Center Project.
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The content is [iNature]
