Stop demonizing pesticides and fertilizers

In recent years, the understanding of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, some people believe that the two are harmless and completely demonize them; some people believe that to protect the ecological environment and promote the high-quality development of agriculture, it is time to abandon the use of pesticides and fertilizers
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At the same time, individual media also contributed to the flames, causing people to "talk about fat discoloration" and "talk about medicine discoloration
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" Just like a coin, one side is the noises about fertilizers and pesticides, and the other side is the achievements of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs in implementing the zero-growth action of fertilizers and pesticides: By the end of 2020, the reduction and efficiency increase of fertilizers and pesticides in China has successfully achieved the expected goal, and the three major foods The crop utilization rate both exceeds 40%
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In order to guide people to correctly understand chemical fertilizers and pesticides, the reporter asked relevant experts for verification on some misunderstandings and doubts in the current society
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my country implements the zero-growth action of fertilizers and pesticides, but "zero growth" does not mean "zero use".
Why do we insist on using fertilizers and pesticides in food production? "Fertilizers are highly efficient nutrients that can provide nutrients to crops, improve crop and soil nutrition levels, and increase agricultural productivity
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" Zhang Fusuo, academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering, leader of the scientific fertilization expert guidance group of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, and professor of the School of Resources and Environment of China Agricultural University It is emphasized that we must correctly understand the positive effects of chemical fertilizers on agricultural production
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"Since the application of chemical fertilizers, the country's arable land has changed from a large area of ​​nutrient deficiency to nutrient enrichment
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" Zhang Fusuo introduced that in the early 1980s, the basic soil productivity of China's main food crops was only 260 kg per mu, but now it has reached 333 kg per mu
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Thanks to the increase in soil productivity brought about by the application of chemical fertilizers, China's grain output has increased significantly
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"Since the founding of the People's Republic of China, China's grain yield has quadrupled, of which chemical fertilizers account for about half
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A large number of tests across the country have shown that if you stop using chemical fertilizers and do not use farm manure, crop yields will be reduced by half or more within three years
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Zhang Fusuo told reporters
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The significance of pesticides is mainly to protect food production through the prevention and control of pests and diseases
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"During the growth and development of humans, animals and plants, they are often harmed by various harmful organisms.
To control these harmful organisms, drugs are one of the main methods.

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"In the opinion of Song Baoan, Academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering and President of Guizhou University, despite the rapid development of plant protection technology in the world today, and non-pesticide measures such as the selection of pest control varieties have played an active role, pesticides are still the main means of crop pest control today.

Song Baoan gave a realistic example: In 2019, the area of ​​rice pests and diseases occurred in China was about 1 billion mu, and the control area reached 1.
6 billion mu, of which the chemical control area accounted for about 2/3, and the biological control, physical control and other non-chemical control measures It accounts for about one-third, which fully shows that the use of pesticides is still the main measure
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"People need to be treated with medicine when they are sick.
Similarly, when crops have diseases and insects, they also need to use pesticides to prevent and treat diseases
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"Song Baoan vividly concluded that our agricultural harvest is inseparable from pesticides, otherwise we will suffer from pests and diseases, will reduce production and income, and will be hungry
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Many people panic when they talk about fertilizers and pesticides.
"Large"
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How should we treat this? "Now the application of fertilizers has brought some problems, causing some negative effects to be over-amplified
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"Zhang Fusuo said that to eliminate misunderstandings about chemical fertilizers is actually very simple
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"Like a series of health problems such as the "three highs" caused by unreasonable diet and overnutrition, it is actually a problem of food intake, not food.
The problem itself
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"Therefore, in Zhang Fusuo's view, just like diet, excessive application of chemical fertilizers, unreasonable nutrient matching, and extensive application methods will also have negative effects, but they need to be treated rationally
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Faced with "using chemical fertilizers, the melons are not fragrant and the fruit is not sweet.
" Zhang Fusuo explained that the overall quality of agricultural products has been greatly improved since the application of chemical fertilizers, and a few problems are the result of unreasonable application of chemical fertilizers
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"Some fruit farmers blindly pursue large fruits and super high yields, invest a lot of nitrogen fertilizer, and ignore other elements.
As a result, the fruit is too large and the water content is too much, but the soluble solids and sugar content cannot keep up, which reduces the flavor
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"In addition, some people simply attribute the cause of soil compaction and pollution to the effect of chemical fertilizers
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Zhang Fusuo bluntly said that this is not caused by chemical fertilizers
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"Soil compaction is mainly caused by unreasonable irrigation and unreasonable farming.

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Reasonable use of chemical fertilizers, especially combined with organic fertilizers, can improve soil structure
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"For the discoloration of people talking about "medicine", in Song Baoan's view, it is largely affected by the safety incidents caused by the use of some highly toxic pesticides in the past
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"The poisonous ginger, poisonous leeks, poisonous cowpeas have been reported before.
Such incidents, these memory scars left to the public are one of the important reasons for the formation of people's cognitive prejudice against pesticides
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According to Song Baoan, due to the unreasonable structure of pesticide products in China in the past, coupled with the poor awareness of farmers in the safe use of pesticides, misuse and abuse of pesticides have occurred from time to time
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After entering the new century, many highly toxic and high-risk pesticides have been gradually eliminated
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Especially after the implementation of the new pesticide registration management regulations, China has been very strict in pesticide registration, and the registration of compounds that are harmful to humans, animals, natural enemies and the environment is rejected
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Regarding the issue of pesticide residues in agricultural products that people are concerned about, Song Baoan believes that the determination of pesticide residues Whether it has an adverse effect on health, it must be related to the dosage, and the use of scientific and standardized
pesticides is safe and controllable .
"As long as pesticides are used scientifically and rationally, safety intervals and dosage restrictions are strictly enforced, pesticide residues can be degraded to safety standards.
, So the product is also safe
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"At present, China's pesticide reduction and efficiency increase have achieved significant results, and at the same time, China's pesticide production has shown a steady and slight increase
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Why is "pesticides used less and less, but more and more produced"? "Pesticide use refers to The statistics on the amount of final preparations used and the output of pesticides are generally based on the original pesticides, so the two cannot be directly compared by the size of the data
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"Li Zhonghua, executive vice president and secretary-general of the China Pesticide Industry Association, first explained conceptually
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At present, China's pesticide zero-growth initiative mainly focuses on the three major food crops of rice, corn and wheat
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"Therefore, when we use these concepts, We must pay attention to their specific meanings and strict qualifications in different situations
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"Li Zhonghua said
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Li Zhonghua said that the main reason for the increase in pesticide production is that China is a major producer and exporter of pesticides, and exports account for a large part of the output of pesticide technicals .

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Taking the data of 2019 as an example, China exported 1.
8518 million tons of pesticides, of which 655,900 tons of pesticide technical exports, 1.
516 million tons of technical drugs, and 43.
3% of technical exports
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"Export is definitely still an important way out for the development of China's pesticide industry
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" Li Zhonghua pointed out that because the use of pesticides is seasonal, to solve the impact of demand-side restrictions, it is necessary to open up the global market in order to promote the continuous and continuous development of China's pesticide industry.
The development of modernization and automation can ensure that the pesticide industry maintains a long-term sustainable and stable development while the domestic pesticide usage is reduced
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How to look at the relationship between the high-quality development of agriculture and the reduction of fertilizers and pesticides? "The amount of chemical fertilizer should be controlled to a reasonable range, neither more nor less
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" Zhang Fusuo said bluntly that we cannot blindly "weight loss".
At present, we must reduce the excessively high dosage and keep it where the dosage is reasonable.
The place should be improved
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"To reduce the excessive input of nutrients, such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium and other macronutrient elements, we should also consider adding organic fertilizers to the fields, and supplementing calcium, magnesium, zinc and other micronutrient elements
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" At present, Zhang Fusuo leads the scientific fertilization experts of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs.
The steering group has established quotas for nitrogen fertilizer application for three major grain crops: wheat, corn, and rice.
Among them, the safe amount of nitrogen fertilizer for rice should be 7-12 kg/mu, wheat 5-19 kg/mu, and corn 8-19 kg/mu
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Zhang Fusuo added that the control of chemical fertilizers should also be based on technological innovation, and at the same time, it should also cooperate with other cultivation measures to increase grain production
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"Our experiments for more than ten years have proved that controlling the amount of chemical fertilizers at a reasonable level, through the selection of high-quality varieties, the regulation of sowing technology, and soil improvement, can increase the yield of wheat, corn, and rice by 18%-35%
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" In response to pesticide reduction, Song Baoan said: “We should not sacrifice crop yields and prevent and control pests and diseases.
Instead, we must eliminate low-efficiency, high-toxicity, and high-residue varieties, increase the utilization rate of pesticides, and replace low-efficiency, environmentally-friendly green pesticides and new biological pesticides.
Effective on old varieties, rational use and scientific prevention and control on this basis
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"Promoting the reduction of pesticide application and increasing efficiency, the development of high-efficiency, low-residue, and eco-friendly green pesticides and biological pesticides, and paying more attention to the quality and safety of agricultural products will be an inevitable choice for social development
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"Song Baoan introduced that in recent years, China has strengthened the implementation of green prevention and control of crop diseases, pests and weeds
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In 2020, the national green prevention and control coverage of crop diseases and pests will increase to 41.
5%, and the green prevention and control of fruit, vegetable and tea in key areas will basically achieve full coverage
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Experts It is believed that the in-depth promotion of the reduction in the use of fertilizers and pesticides is the development direction of green agriculture, and it is also a complex system project that requires all aspects of efforts
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To improve laws and regulations, strengthen the supervision of the use of fertilizers and pesticides, it is necessary to strengthen the construction of the grassroots agricultural technology extension system to continuously improve Scientific fertilization and scientific drug use guidance service capabilities
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Agricultural producers must increase their awareness of saving fertilizer and pesticides, and increase penalties for illegal use of pesticides and non-compliance with the safety interval for pesticide use
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Only by taking multiple measures can effectively reduce fertilizers and pesticides.
Use to ensure the safety of agricultural production and the quality and safety of agricultural products
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Source: Farmers Daily