Soybean competitiveness in China from the perspective of soybean production and processing in Heilongjiang Province

Introduction: in the past, people formed a concept that China's soybean production is not competitive, so it's better to rely on imports Heilongjiang is the hometown of soybean in China The soybean planting area accounts for 33.2% of the whole country, 64% of the northeast, 37.3% of the total output, and about 2 / 3 of the northeast It plays an important role in the soybean production in China In the middle of May, the author focused on the investigation of soybean production and processing in Heilongjiang Province Through the field investigation in Heilongjiang Province, the confidence in domestic soybean was enhanced China's soybean production and processing have development potential China should vigorously develop the production and deep processing of traditional non GMO soybean, and take the road of self-sufficiency and proper import of soybean for oil and fat The high indirect cost weakens the competitiveness of domestic soybean The soybean production in Heilongjiang reclamation area can compete with that in the United States, Brazil and Argentina First, it has the resource conditions, concentrated and continuous cultivated land, large-scale rotation, unified measures, and high content of soil organic matter; second, it has the scale advantage In recent years, the planting area has been stable at about 10 million mu, accounting for more than 7.4% of the whole country, with more than 1500 large households planting more than 1000 mu of soybeans, high labor productivity and low direct production cost It has realized the production of special varieties of soybeans Harvest, storage and sales; the third is the high degree of mechanization, the comprehensive mechanization degree of agriculture is more than 95%, and the whole process of soybean production has been mechanized; the fourth is the industrialization of seeds, and the reclamation area has a complete breeding system of improved varieties, with a seed production base of 1.5 million mu, 54 seed processing centers, and an annual processing capacity of 300000-350000 tons; the fifth is the cultivation technology is very mature, first Sixth, there are many varieties with high quality and high oil content (oil content is over 22.5%), high protein content (protein content is over 45%) and double high content (the sum of protein and fat is over 62%); seventh, there are non transgenic and green organic advantages, especially soybean with isoflavone content over 0.4%, which has a strong competitive advantage in the international market; Eighth, the industrialization economy has been realized The annual processing capacity of soybeans in the reclamation area has reached 2 million tons, which has realized the operation pattern of the integration of production, marketing, trade, industry and agriculture with the soybean processing enterprises as the leader, driving the production base and contracted workers, and preliminarily formed the soybean industrialization system In terms of per unit yield, Northeast China's soybeans also have competitiveness and development potential The yield per unit of soybean in the United States, Brazil and Argentina is generally 170-180 kg / mu, while that in Nenjiang region of Heilongjiang Province is up to 200 kg / mu In 2001, 10.56 million mu of soybean was planted in Heilongjiang reclamation area, with an average yield of 164 kg per mu, 36 kg higher than the average yield of Heilongjiang Province and about 50 kg higher than the national average In three branches, the per mu yield of 3.5 million mu of soybeans has reached 175 kg, in one branch, the per mu yield of 1.4 million mu of soybeans has reached 190 kg, and in Hailin farm, the per mu yield of 45000 mu of soybeans has reached 252.5 kg, which has exceeded the average per mu yield of major soybean producing countries such as the United States and Brazil Comparing the soybean cost data of Heilongjiang Province with that of the United States and Brazil, the direct cost of soybean production in China is lower than that of the United States and Brazil, and the excessive tax burden and social burden weaken the competitiveness of China's soybean In terms of the cost per mu, Heilongjiang is 134.75 yuan, 48.54 yuan lower than 183.29 yuan in the United States and 45.82 yuan lower than 180.57 yuan in Brazil The direct cost of Heilongjiang is 94.46 yuan, 83.69 yuan lower than 178.15 yuan in the U.S and 56.55 yuan lower than 151.01 yuan in Brazil However, due to the heavy agricultural tax, overall allocation and retention, motor land contract fee and unreasonable burden, the indirect cost per mu of Heilongjiang soybean is 40.3 yuan, 35.16 yuan higher than 5.14 yuan in the U.S and 10.74 yuan higher than 29.56 yuan in Brazil Because the average yield of soybean in the United States and Brazil is 50-60 kg / mu higher than that in Heilongjiang, the cost per 500g of soybean in Heilongjiang is 0.61 yuan, 0.07 yuan higher than that in the United States and 0.08 yuan higher than that in Brazil Among them, the indirect cost per 500g of soybean in Heilongjiang is 0.18 yuan, 0.02 yuan in the United States and 0.09 yuan in Brazil If the indirect cost is removed, the cost per 500g of soybean in Heilongjiang is 0.61 yuan higher than that in the United States China is still 0.09 yuan lower than Brazil, 0.01 yuan lower In addition, it is very important that the competition of agricultural subsidies in the United States and Brazil intensifies, which leads to cost and price deviation and global soybean supply exceeds demand In 1999, the net income of duty paid per mu of soybean in the United States was - 97 yuan However, the United States subsidized farmers by granting non recourse loans, which made soybean production sustainable In 2002, the loan rate of soybean in the United States was reduced from 5.26 dollars / bushel (1.6 yuan / kg) to 5 dollars / bushel (1.52 yuan / kg), and the loan rate of corn was increased, which will reduce soybean production in the United States The subsidy of soybean farmers has decreased, which is beneficial to soybean production in China Therefore, in order to improve the competitiveness of China's soybean, we should not only improve the quality and per unit yield, reduce the cost, but also reduce the burden of farmers, carry out tax reform, and give appropriate subsidies to farmers This year, the state will subsidize 10 million mu of high oil soybeans for the first time, which has greatly aroused the enthusiasm of farmers and reduced their production costs Heavy burden of northeast oil processing enterprises Heilongjiang Jiusan oil group is one of the first batch of national key leading enterprises of agricultural industrialization jointly recognized by eight ministries and commissions, and also the soybean processing enterprise with the largest processing capacity in Heilongjiang According to Tian Renli, general manager of the group, the annual processing capacity after the completion of the "3316" project this year can reach more than 2 million tons, accounting for about half of the processing capacity of Heilongjiang Province Compared with foreign processing enterprises of the same scale, soybean processing plants in China have "three highs and one heavy" The first is the high wage content The per ton wage in China is 33 yuan, while that in the United States is only 12 yuan The main reason is that the scale is not enough and the level of automation is not enough, which can be reduced by expanding the scale of enterprises The second is the high railway freight The per ton freight of imported soybeans from the west coast of the United States to China is only 150-180 yuan, but the original freight of soybeans from Heilongjiang to Shanghai is 260 yuan Guangzhou is about 300 yuan, and even higher to Sichuan In order 430 of the Planning Commission this year, the construction cost of grain railway was cancelled, which reduced the freight of soybean by 47% Now, only 180 yuan / ton of soybean is needed to transport to Guangzhou, but the freight of soybean oil and soybean meal has not been reduced The price difference between domestic and foreign freight is still more than 100 yuan / ton, which seriously weakens the competitiveness of domestic processing enterprises Third, the electric charge is high, and the power consumption per ton of soybean processed in China is 45 degrees, 5 degrees less than that in the United States, However, according to the standard of rural electricity price, the electricity price per kilowatt hour is up to 0.86 yuan, while that in the United States is less than 0.2 yuan, while that in China is also 0.4 yuan Because of the high electricity price, China is 27 yuan higher than the United States for processing 1 ton of soybeans One is the heavy tax In the past, the input tax of imported soybeans can be deducted by 13% and that of domestic soybeans can only be deducted by 10% This means that processing enterprises are encouraged to use imported soybeans Although domestic soybeans have achieved equal treatment with imported soybeans this year, the tax per ton of soybeans in China is 30 yuan, and that in the United States is only 2 yuan, still 28 yuan higher than that in the United States The sustainable development of soybean is of great significance The soybean industry chain is very long, which directly affects the development of oil processing enterprises, feed industry, animal husbandry, food processing industry, medicine industry, health products industry, industry, etc it can be said that soybean plays a role of "one or two thousand catties" in the development of national economy If we turn our country into a soybean processing center and all the raw materials depend on import, once the production of the importing country changes, or there are any political and economic problems, it will cause a series of fluctuations in China's oil, feed, animal husbandry and people's living standards Therefore, it is necessary to stabilize the foundation of soybean production and form a stable virtuous circle in China This year, Heilongjiang attaches great importance to the construction of soybean deep processing enterprises, expanding the scale, lengthening the soybean industry chain and increasing the added value, so as to fundamentally solve the past situation of simple export soybean raw materials being controlled by people At present, on the basis of processing soybean oil and soybean meal, Heilongjiang Province has developed more than 10 soybean deep processing series, including soybean protein, soybean isoflavone, natural vitamin E, lecithin, oligosaccharide and edible fiber Harbin high tech Soybean Food Co., Ltd is an enterprise specialized in deep processing of soybean It was put into production in 2001, with an annual processing capacity of 100000 tons of soybean and a net profit of 5.78 million yuan that year It has a promising future At present, Heilongjiang Province has formed a large number of leading soybean deep processing enterprises represented by Heilongjiang Jiusan oil group, Harbin high tech soybean food company, Jiansanjiang oil group, etc., and a new pattern of Northeast Soybean Industrialization is forming China's soybean has unique variety advantages First of all, China's soybean variety resources are rich, suitable for deep processing of various purposes, and has broad prospects for development, which is unmatched by imported soybeans for oil extraction Domestic soybean is rich in protein, which is 2-3% higher than imported soybean It is suitable for processing nutritional and health products and food additives such as protein isolate, tissue protein, protein concentrate, protein powder, fiber powder, etc Moreover, the discovery of the important medicinal and health care function of soybean isoflavone has made the value of soybean break through the simple concept of pressing oil Soybean isoflavone has anti-cancer and anti bone In general, domestic non transgenic soybean contains 0.2% - 0.4% isoflavones, Heilongjiang soybean contains 0.4% - 0.5% isoflavones, and embryo contains 0.8%, while the content of imported transgenic soybean is very small It can be said that transgenic soybean loses the most valuable thing Secondly, China's soybean is a traditional non transgenic variety, which is natural and safe At present, what the transgenic products can confirm is its uncertainty A series of researches conducted by Belgian scientists have found that the transgenic products reduce the breeding capacity of animals and increase the risk of chronic diseases The large-scale promotion and use of transgenic products have certain potential risks to the safety of human beings, animals, plants and the environment Once these risks are found one day, It will be difficult for mankind to reverse this situation Tang Yanli, information center of the Ministry of Agriculture