Sleep disturbance affects learning and memory, promotes Alzheimer's disease, and participates in the formation of glioma.

Sleep is a ubiquitous phenomenon in animal life, from fruit flies to humans.

Good sleep maintains healthy brain function.
Sleep deprivation (SD) refers to reducing sleep time below the individual's baseline requirement, and sleep restriction (SR) refers to partial sleep loss.

Sleep is mainly divided into two stages.
Non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREM sleep) brain waves show sleep performance.
Muscle activity is weaker than when awake, without strenuous eye movements.

NREM can be divided into four stages, namely I, II, III, and IV.
Among them, I and II are called "light sleep", and III and IV are called "deep sleep" (slow wave sleep).

The brain structure involved in NREM is a stage of rapid eye movement sleep (REM sleep) sleep, also known as abnormal sleep, or dynamic sleep, which is characterized by synchronizing EEG activities in a way similar to wakefulness, accompanied by the eye Random and fast movements, accompanied by low muscle tone.

At this time will be accompanied by dreams.

The brain structure involved in REM sleep deprivation and diseases Sleep deprivation disturbs the circadian rhythm and physiology, and has a negative impact on the brain and behavioral functions.

Stroke ischemic disease causes high inflammation in the body, and sleep deprivation can increase the release of inflammatory factors (IL-1beta, IL-1ra, E-selectin, ICAM-1), further aggravate inflammation, and further aggravate ischemic diseases.
Stroke.

Neuropathic pain Neuropathic pain is caused by nerve damage, while central neuropathic pain is caused by stroke and spinal cord injury.

SD can enhance the sensitivity and intensity of pain.

SD increases the concentration of glutamate and also affects the opioid system that stimulates the nociceptive system.

SD can lead to an increase in white blood cell count and increase the levels of C-reactive protein, IL1β, IL6, and TNFα.

SD stimulates phagocytosis of astrocytes, leading to the activation of microglia in the mouse cortex.

Learning and memory SD has a negative impact on cognitive functions such as attention, learning, memory formation, acquisition and retrieval.

SD activates certain ion channels and causes synapses to change, which leads to a decrease in membrane excitability of hippocampal CA1 neurons and inhibits the production of LTP in CA1 neurons and dentate granules.

Glioma sleep plays an important role in immunity and homeostasis.

Sleep disorders may lead to gene mutations and participate in the occurrence of tumors.
In addition, the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL1β, IL2 and NFκB2 are seriously related to sleep-wake disorders in cancer patients.

Neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, Huntington's Disease, etc.

It is mainly related to sleep deprivation impairing the clearance of pathological proteins and enhancing the inflammatory state of the brain.

Sleep deprivation can damage the cell clearance rate of misfolded neurotoxin proteins, such as α-synuclein, amyloid-β, and lead to the accumulation of misfolded defective proteins in the synaptic compartment, leading to a decline in cognitive ability.

In addition, SD can also affect the immunology and redox system, leading to neuroinflammation and oxidative stress.

360 Comments: Adequate and high-quality sleep has become a luxury in life, but sleep is an important factor in the maintenance of body homeostasis.
Sleep deprivation affects learning, causes Alzheimer's, and even participates in the formation of glioma.

Main references Muhammed Bishir et al, Sleep Deprivation and Neurological Disorders, BioMed Research International Volume 2020, Article ID 5764017, 19S.
Priya, AM Mahalakshmi, S.
Tuladhar et al.
, “Sleep and body fluids,” International Journal of Nutrition, Pharmacology, Neurological Diseases, vol.
10, no.
2, pp.
65–68, 2020.
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