September 20, 2019 Science journal essence

September 30, 2019 / BIOON / - -- another issue of Science Journal (September 20, 2019) will be published this week What are the highlights of its research? Let Xiaobian come together The picture is from science journal 1 Science: the molecular map of the development of Caenorhabditis elegans was successfully constructed Doi: 10.1126/science.aax1971 in a new study, researchers from the University of Pennsylvania and other research institutions in the United States for the first time described in detail how each cell changes during the development of animal embryos They used the latest technology in the emerging field of single cell biology to analyze cells in the embryos of Caenorhabditis elegans The relevant research results were published online in the journal Science on September 5, 2019, with the title of "a lineage resolved mobile Atlas of C elegans embryogenesis at single cell resolution" The corresponding authors are John I Murray of the Perelman School of medicine, University of Pennsylvania, junhyong Kim of the school of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, and Robert Waterston of the University of Washington "In the past few years, new single cell genomics methods have revolutionized the study of animal development," Murray said Our study takes advantage of the fact that Caenorhabditis elegans embryos have a very small number of cells, and these cells are produced by known fully repeatable cell division patterns By using single cell genomics, we are able to identify more than 87% of embryonic cells from gastrulation (when there are about 50 cells) to the end of embryogenesis " 2 Science: to develop a real-time tracking technology for DNA and RNA in living cells CRISPR livefish doi: 10.1126/science.aax7852 fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is a powerful molecular technology for detecting nucleic acids in cells However, it requires cell fixation and denaturation Wang et al Found that crispr-cas9 only protects the guide RNA (gRNA) from degradation in cells when it binds to the target DNA Using this target dependent DNA stability switch, they developed a marker technology called CRISPR livefish, and in the presence of gRNA coupled to the fluorophore, cas9 and cas13 were used to detect DNA and RNA respectively CRISPR livefish improves the signal-to-noise ratio and can be used in living cells, thus allowing real-time tracking of dynamic changes in genome editing, chromosome translocation and transcription 3 Science: To explore the antibiotic resistance of domestic animals doi: 10.1126/science.aaw1944; doi: 10.1126/science.aay9652 most antibiotics are used in domestic animals, and with the increase of global demand for meat, the use of antibiotics is also increasing It is not clear what the increased demand for antibiotics means for the occurrence of antibiotic resistance in animals and for the risk to humans Based on a systematic review of the past 20 years, van boeckel et al described the global burden of antimicrobial resistance in animals The number of resistant bacteria in chickens and pigs increased significantly The current new study provides a much-needed baseline model for low - and middle-income countries 4 Science: identify a new gene doi: 10.1126/science.aau2078; doi: 10.1126/science.aay9345 μ opioid receptor (MOR) is the target of pain relief drugs, including morphine and fentanyl A better understanding of this receptor system is needed to suppress potentially fatal side effects and control the possibility of addiction Wang et al screened in Caenorhabditis elegans to find the genes that affect the function of MOR They found another receptor, gpr139, whose loss increased the effect of morphine on mice but reduced the withdrawal effect Gpr139 may be a target to improve the safety or efficacy of opioids 5 Science: To explore the flood resistance caused by gene regulation doi: 10.1126/science.aax8862 some plants are more tolerant to flood than others Reynoso et al Compared the flood activated gene regulatory networks between flood adapted rice and less flood adapted rice The gene regulation related to flood was characterized by chromatin accessibility and transcription Although the flood response pathway is also obvious in upland species, it is more activated in wetland rice 6 Science: with the increase of age, the ability of people to resist parasitic worm infection may be declining Doi: 10.1126/science.aaw5822; doi: 10.1126/science.aay9493 although infection, immunity and population statistics are intertwined, they seldom occur at the same time Froy et al Measured an immune marker against parasitic worm infection in Soay sheep near St Kilda island in the Atlantic Ocean They used a library of 2000 blood samples from 800 sausages, which were abandoned in the wild and unmanaged The resistance to infection decreases with the age of sauai sheep, which reduces their chances of survival in winter Parasitic worms are an important part of many natural systems, including human beings Therefore, with the increase of age, parasitic worms may increase the health burden 7 Science: the extinction of large mammals leads to the recombination of community structure doi: 10.1126/science.aaw1605 most people think that human activities led to the sixth extinction event on earth, and large mammals are one of the most risky species The loss of these important ecosystem components may have a significant impact on the structure and function of the ecosystem, but it is challenging to fully understand these impacts T ó th et al Examined the loss of large mammals during the Pleistocene to identify potential community aggregation effects They found that the extinction of large mammals led to the reorganization of community structure and promoted the transformation from bio driven to non bio driven Understanding past changes may help predict the impact of the extinctions we are currently driving on the community level 8.Science: a new way of regulating memory in the brain is discovered Doi:10.1126/science.aax9238 sleep affects memory through multiple mechanisms Izawa et al Identified a possible new pathway in the brain: neurons that produce hypothalamic melanin concentrating hormone (MCH) activated by REM sleep, which, together with other neurons, project into the hippocampus Surprisingly, eliminating MCH neurons by genetic means increased memory in mice On the contrary, activation of MCH neurons by drugs can damage memory In vitro physiological experiments showed that the activation of MCH nerve fibers inhibited the spike activity of pyramidal cells These findings suggest that MCH pathway may be the target of memory regulation 9 Science: it is necessary to reveal the structure of Hsp40 recognition client protein doi: 10.1126/science.aax1280 chaperone for the correct folding of proteins in cells However, because the interaction between them and client protein is dynamic, it is difficult to study it Jiang et al Used NMR spectroscopy to study how chaperones HSP70 and Hsp40 work together in the cycle of binding and releasing client proteins By dynamic binding with multiple binding sites, Hsp40 can change the folding characteristics of customer proteins, which may unfold into an unnatural state The binding of HSP70 to Hsp40 replaces the unfolded customer protein The released client protein may fold to its natural state or rebound to another chaperone cycle (BIOON Com)