Science's new research upends cognition and is expected to solve the problem that has plagued organ transplants for more than 60 years, netizens: biology textbooks have to be changed.

Jin Lei, a fish sheep, is reported from the official account of "no" temple. QbitAI, the public figure, seems to have changed the edition of immunology textbooks this time.here's the thing.a top-level journal Science has published a heavy article on immunology. The key point is that innate myeloid immune cells such as macrophages and monocytes can also produce antigen-specific immune memory.how powerful is this discovery? To refresh the current understanding of innate immune response, that is to say, problems related to immunity may have to be "re started".it is expected to solve the problem of immune rejection in organ transplantation for more than 60 years.new insights may emerge on cancer and autoimmune diseases.the netizens also agreed that the study would change textbooks.different immune systems, we all know that the immune system is divided into two parts: one is innate immunity, including myeloid cells such as macrophages and monocytes, and innate lymphocytes such as NK cells; the other is adaptive immunity, such as t cells and B cells.when faced with foreign "invaders", the two little guys perform their respective duties.innate immune cells are like sentinels, which are the first wave of cells to detect foreign organisms in the body. If they find any abnormality, they will go back to the adaptive immune cells and say, "brother, it's your turn."△ working cells: macrophages vs. Staphylococcus aureus adaptive immune cells are activated, which can trigger a strong immune response.and adaptive immune cells have a unique skill, immune memory. Once you see an intruder, you will remember what it looks like.if they dare to invade the next time, the adaptive immune cells will quickly recognize it and launch a more violent attack.this is what we used to know about the immune system.so, immune memory, is this trick really only for adaptive immune cells? This is what researchers at the University of Pittsburgh and Cornell are trying to solve. They found that macrophages and monocytes, two innate immune cells, also have the same function.that is to say, in the past, we thought that they were just "sentinels". We never thought that they would also "immune memory" this unique skill.more unexpectedly, the combat effectiveness is almost explosive, which also plays a very important role in the "host defense" task.it's subversive! At present, the main reason for the failure of organ transplantation is immune memory. Therefore, this discovery provides a new idea for solving the problem of organ transplantation.as Dr. Martin H. oberbarnscheidt, one of the authors of this paper, said: it is expected to solve the problem of immune rejection that has plagued organ transplantation for more than 60 years.so, how can such a breakthrough experiment be achieved? First of all, the researchers assigned mice lacking B cells, T cells, NK cells and other innate lymphocytes, and transplanted them with allogeneic spleen cells treated with radiation.then, after 7 days, 28 days and 49 days, the spleen cells homologous to the above immune spleen cells or third party allogeneic spleen cells were used for retransplantation.the results showed that at 7 or 28 days, the mice with homologous splenocytes showed more obvious and stronger immune response than those without immunization or transplantation of third-party spleen cells.these immune responses are dominated by monocyte derived dendritic cells (Mo DCS) and macrophages.the enhanced response disappeared after 49 days.after that, the researchers carried out the same experiment on mice with another immunodeficiency mode (Figure B above), and the results were the same.moreover, the researchers also ruled out the possibility that the enhanced response originated from the persistence of the antigen. Br / > the donor cells ofwere not detected in the spleen system.this suggests that macrophages and monocytes in mice may have acquired specific memory of antigens.in addition, the specific recognition of antigens by mouse and human immune cells depends on MHC (major histocompatibility complex).to further explore the truth, the researchers searched 17 mouse genomic databases to test whether monocyte / macrophage memory depended on the detection of non self MHC molecules.as a result, they found several protein molecules that could be expressed on the surface of myeloid cells and could bind to MHC-I.among them, paired immunoglobulin like receptor-A (pir-a) has been confirmed to be the MHC-I receptor required for memory response of macrophages and monocytes.the corresponding human receptor is lilrs. in further experiments, the researchers tried to block pir-a with antibody and knock out pir-a site gene respectively, and found that without pir-1, monocytes and macrophages of mice would not produce specific immune memory for antigen. that is to say, the immune memory of monocytes and macrophages is mediated by pir-a. therefore, the researchers also proved through experiments that: in kidney and heart allografts, knockout of the receptor coding pir-a gene or blocking the binding of pir-a with donor MHC-I molecules can block immune memory and weaken allograft rejection. this means that the new research results extend the classical immune memory research field to congenital bone marrow cells, and may improve the survival rate of allogeneic organ transplantation. the author of this paper is Fadi g. lakkis, Professor of transplantation biology, University of Pittsburgh, and distinguished professor of surgery, immunology and medicine. research focuses on the basic mechanism of acute and chronic rejection in solid organ transplantation, including the innate mechanism of initiating and maintaining alloimmune response, and the role of memory T cells in allograft rejection. As a Chinese scholar, Dai Hehua, doctor of Jiangxi Medical College, University of Pittsburgh and Nanchang University, and surgeon of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiangxi Medical College. the research focuses on effective measures to improve the long-term survival of transplanted organs, including manipulating immunosuppression to regulate T cell population, improving host tolerance to transplantation, and inhibiting memory T cell-mediated rejection by changing important cytokines, chemokines, costimulatory and enzymes in the immune system. the release of their new research also makes many netizens feel that if they do not follow up the new research properly, they will not do biology problems in junior high school or high school in the future. address of the paper: the author is the contracted author of Netease News · Netease number "each has his own attitude" - free NLP live broadcast course: map neural network, bet, dialogue generation, knowledge mapping, jointly organized by Jingdong Zhilian cloud & greedy college, two weeks of NLP series live broadcast. 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